Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of CKD and non-CKD patients.
| Variables | CKD (n = 592) |
Non-CKD (n = 1,613) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 64.0 ± 11.0 | 55.5 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 |
| Sex: Male (n, %) | 234 (39.5) | 501 (31.1) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg (mean ± SD) | 60.4 ± 11.9 | 61.7 ± 11.0 | 0.014 |
| Height, cm (mean ± SD) | 155.6 ± 7.52 | 156.4 ± 7.34 | 0.016 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 0.123 |
| UW/NW/OW/Obesity, (%) | 7.3/26.0/18.1/48.6 | 4.1/26.8/18.9/50.2 | 0.047 |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Did not study | 4 (0.6) | 8 (0.5) | |
| Primary school | 515 (87.0) | 1,226 (76.0) | |
| Middle school | 27 (4.6) | 148 (9.2) | |
| High school/vocational | 35 (5.9) | 157 (9.7) | |
| Diploma/high vocational | 5 (0.8) | 31 (1.9) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 6 (1.0) | 38 (2.3) | |
| Postgraduate | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.3) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Farmer | 347 (58.6) | 1,054 (65.3) | |
| Trader | 20 (3.4) | 69 (4.3) | |
| Jobs in factories, companies | 3 (0.5) | 38 (2.4) | |
| Government/enterprise | 6 (1.0) | 27 (1.7) | |
| Student | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.5) | |
| Other | 49 (8.3) | 199 (12.3) | |
| Unemployed | 167 (28.2) | 218 (13.5) | |
| Monthly income (Baht), n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| < 10,000 | 556 (93.9) | 1,442 (89.4) | |
| > 10,000 | 36 (6.1) | 171 (10.6) | |
|
Underlying diseases HT (overall), n (%) |
307 (51.9) | 383 (23.7) | < 0.001 |
| HT (without DM), n (%) | 147 (24.8) | 255 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
| HT (with DM), n (%) | 160 (27.0) | 128 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 212 (35.8) | 250 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
| Renal stone, n (%) | 128 (21.6) | 21 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Gout, n (%) | 24 (4.1) | 31 (1.9) | 0.004 |
| CVD, n (%) | 15 (2.5) | 16 (1.0) | 0.006 |
| SLE, n (%) | 4 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | 1.000 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 70.4 ± 25.4 | 91.9 ± 14.5 | < 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g [median (IQR)] | 26.7 (6.5–109.6) | 5.8 (3.6–10.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean ± SD) | 12.3 ± 1.7 | 12.9 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 278 (47.0) | 426 (26.4) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 184/358 (51.4) | 306/1,112 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 94/234 (40.2) | 120/501 (24.0) | < 0.001 |
| Leukocytosis, n (%) | 90 (15.2) | 157 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
| Serum WBC, cells/ml (mean ± SD) | 7,987 ± 2,189 | 7,369 ± 1,886 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | 230 (38.9) | 236 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 226 (38.2) | 778 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 122.0 ± 39.6 | 129.9 ± 37.9 | < 0.001 |
CKD chronic kidney disease; UW underweight; NW normal weight; OW overweight; HT hypertension; DM diabetes mellitus; CVD cardiovascular disease; SLE systemic lupus erythematosus; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR urine albumin creatinine ratio; WBC white blood cell; LDL low-density lipoprotein; SD standard deviation.