Table 3.
Factors associated with chronic kidney disease.
| Factors | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR | P value | Adjusted OR | P value | |||
| Age (every 1- year increase) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1.45 (1.19–1.76) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) | 0.241 | 1.71 (1.20–2.45) | 0.003 |
| Low monthly income (< 10,000 Baht) | 1.83 (1.26–2.66) | 0.001 | 0.89 (0.58–1.38) | 0.612 | 0.88 (0.57–1.36) | 0.575 |
| Less education (none plus primary school) | 2.19 (1.67–2.86) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.804 | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) | 0.919 |
| Unemployed status | 2.51 (2.00–3.16) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.03–1.85) | 0.029 | 1.33 (0.999–1.78) | 0.051 |
| Smoking habits | 0.013 | |||||
| no | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| quit | 1.38 (1.03–1.85) | 0.030 | 0.86 (0.55–1.36) | 0.523 | 0.80 (0.51–1.26) | 0.331 |
| continues now | 1.40 (1.06–1.85) | 0.019 | 1.58 (1.02–2.44) | 0.040 | 1.45 (0.95–2.23) | 0.087 |
| NSAID use | 0.019 | |||||
| Never used | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Used to take | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.074 | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 0.744 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.418 |
| Still taking | 0.72 (0.55–0.93) | 0.013 | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.141 | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.143 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.010 | |||||
| Do not drink | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Used to drink | 1.31 (0.98–1.76) | 0.069 | 0.85 (0.56–1.30) | 0.463 | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.355 |
| Continuous drinking | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.044 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 0.123 | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.133 |
| Drinking water (every increase of 500 ml a day) | 0.93 (0.86–0.98) | 0.009 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.644 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.510 |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | 1.85 (1.24–2.76) | 0.003 | 1.64 (1.03–2.63) | 0.038 | ||
| BMI (every 1 kg/m2 increase) | 0.98 (0.96–1.005) | 0.123 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.450 | ||
| DM | 3.04 (2.45–3.77) | < 0.001 | 2.20 (1.69–2.86) | < 0.001 | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose (every 1-mg/dL increase) | 1.007 (1.006–1.009) | < 0.001 | 1.008 (1.005–1.01) | < 0.001 | ||
| HT without DM | 2.49 (1.96–3.16) | < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.42–2.29) | < 0.001 | ||
| HT with DM | 5.39 (4.14–7.04) | < 0.001 | ||||
| SBP (every 1-mmHg increase) | 1.024 (1.019–1.030) | < 0.001 | 1.010 (1.003–1.016) | 0.004 | ||
| Anemia | 2.46 (2.02–2.99) | < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.30–2.07) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hemoglobin (every 1-g/dL increase) | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.73–0.87) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 3.71 (2.99–4.60) | < 0.001 | 2.69 (2.10–3.44) | < 0.001 | ||
| Serum uric acid (every 1-mg/dL increase) | 1.52 (1.42–1.63) | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.30–1.54) | < 0.001 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 1.66 (1.26–2.20) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.001–1.96) | 0.049 | ||
| WBC count (every 1000-cells/mL increase) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.061 | ||
| LDL-cholesterol (every 1-mg/dL increase) | 0.994 (0.992–0.997) | < 0.001 | 0.998 (0.995–1.000) | 0.097 | ||
Model 1 used continuous variables of SBP, BMI, plasma glucose, hemoglobin, serum uric acid, serum white blood cells, and LDL cholesterol. Model 2 used categorical variables as presence of underweight, DM, HT, anemia, hyperuricemia, leukocytosis, and hyperlipidemia.
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; BMI body mass index; DM diabetes mellitus; HT hypertension; SBP systolic blood pressure; WBC white blood cell; LDL low-density lipoprotein; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.