Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of eligible prospective cohort studies (2007–2020)
| Author, year of publication | Study | Country | Baseline year | Average age, years | Male % | Average follow-up, years | No. of participants | HGS assessment | Outcomes assessed | Covariates adjusted for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buchman, 2007 | Religious Orders Study | USA | 1994–1996 | 74.4 | 30.7 | 5.7 | 877 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | AD | Age, sex and education |
| Boyle, 2009 | Rush Memory and Aging Project | USA | 1997–2005 | 80.3 | 24.8 | 3.6 | 970 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | AD | Age, sex and education |
| Yamada, 2009 | RERF’s Adult Health Study | Japan | 1992–1996 | 72.2 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 1637 | NR | Dementia and AD | Age, age, education, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, menopausal age, and history of hypertension, DM or stroke |
| Boyle, 2010 | Rush Memory and Aging Project | USA | 1997–2005 | 79.0 | 24.0 | 3.6 | 761 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | MCI | Age, sex and education |
| Sattler, 2011 | ILSE | Germany | 1993–1994 | 74.3 | 61.2 | 12.0 | 381 | Martin-Vigorimeter | MCI/AD | Education, SES, gender and depressive symptoms |
| Gray, 2013 | ACT | USA | 1994–1996/2002–2004 | 76.8 | 39.9 | 6.5 | 2619 | Handheld dynamometer | Dementia and AD | Age, sex, education, race, BMI, depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, self-reported health, hypertension, DM, MI, CHF, and smoking status and baseline Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument score |
| Veronese, 2016 | Progetto Veneto Anziani | Italy | 1995–1997 | 72.2 | 40.4 | 4.4 | 1249 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | Cognitive decline and impairment | Age, gender, BMI, preserved activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, baseline scores in the Mini Mental State Examination and Geriatric Depression Scale; presence at the baseline of CVD, hypertension, osteoarthritis, fractures, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer; formal education; physical activity; smoking habits; monthly income |
| Camargo, 2016 | Framingham Offspring | USA | 1999–2005 | 62.0 | 45.0 | 11.0 | 2176 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | Dementia and AD | Age, sex, DM, SBP, CVD, AF, smoking, WHR, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E4 allele, total plasma homocysteine and physical activity |
| Stessman, 2017 | Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort Study | Israel | 1990–1991 | 85.0 | 45.2 | 25.0 | 1187 | 5001 Grip-A handheld dynamometer | Cognitive impairment | Education, self-rated health, physical activity level, difficulty performing activities of daily living and DM |
| Sibbet, 2018 | Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 | UK | 1999 | 79.0 | 42.6 | 9.7 | 488 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | Dementia | FEV1, 6-m walk time, APOE ɛ4 carrier status, height, age, sex, history of hypertension, smoking status, age 11 IQ, history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and history of diabetes |
| Heward, 2018 | IDEA | Tanzania | 2014 | 76.2 | 43.1 | 2.0 | 305 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | Cognitive decline | Age and sex |
| McGrath, 2019 | HRS | USA | 2006 | ≥ 50* | 8.0 | 13,828 | Smedley handheld dynamometer | Cognitive impairment | Age, sex, race and ethnicity, BMI, morbidity, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score, smoking history, current smoking status, physical activity, social engagement, time (wave), educational achievement and self-rated health | |
| Kim, 2019 | KLoSA | South Korea | 2006 | 63.4 | 45.5 | 8.0 | 5995 | TANITA handheld dynamometer | Cognitive impairment | Time, baseline age, sex, education and quartiles of total household income as time-dependent covariates, time-varying smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, obesity as time-dependent covariates, time-varying self-reported doctor diagnosis of co-morbidities, depressive symptoms and engagement in social activities as time-dependent covariates |
| Doi, 2019 | NCG and GSGS | Japan | 2011–2012 | 72.0 | 48.0 | 3.6 | 4086 | Smedley handheld dynamometer | Dementia | Age, sex, educational history, BMI, diseases, number of medications, falls, current smoking, alcohol consumption, cognitive function and physical inactivity |
| Hatabe, 2020 | Hisayama study | Japan | 1988 | 68.0 | 42.6 | 14.6 | 1055 | Smedley handheld dynamometer | Dementia, AD and VD | Age, sex, education level, SBP, use of antihypertensive agents, DM, total cholesterol, body mass index, electrocardiogram abnormalities, smoking habit, alcohol intake and regular exercise |
| Petermann-Rocha, 2020 | UK Biobank | UK | 2006–2010 | 58.0 | 46.0 | 5.4 | 143,215 | Jamar handheld dynamometer | Dementia | Age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, education, leisure or social activities, frequency of friend and family visits, smoking, sleep duration, total discretionary sedentary time, alcohol intake, and consumption of red meat, processed meat, and fruit and vegetables, BMI, morbidity count, blood pressure, total cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin, reaction time at baseline and other components of sarcopenia |
| Current study | KIHD | Finland | 1998–2001 | 69.0 | 47.4 | 16.6 | 852 | Martin-Vigorimeter | Dementia, AD and VD | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, history of type 2 DM, prevalent CHD, total cholesterol, HDL-C, physical activity and hsCRP |
*Age range provided
AD Alzheimer’s disease, AF atrial fibrillation, BMI body mass index, CHD coronary heart disease, CHF congestive heart failure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DM diabetes mellitus, FEV1 forced expiratory volume, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HGS handgrip strength, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MI myocardial infarction, NR not reported, SES socioeconomic status, SBP systolic blood pressure, VD vascular dementia, WHR waist-to-hip ratio
Study abbreviations: ACT, Adult Changes in Thought; HRS, Health and Retirement Study; IDEA, Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans; ILSE, Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development and Aging;