Fig. 2.

Mapping pectoral fin regionalization on a phylogeny of the group that includes orders Centrarchiformes and Perciformes, highlighting the families discussed, the Cirrhitidae (hawkfishes), Triglidae (sea robins), and Cottoidei (sculpins). Extreme ventral regionalization (near complete loss of membrane between rays) is shown in red. Moderate ventral regionalization (partial loss of membrane connecting ventral rays) is shown in yellow and minimal or no loss of membrane between ventral rays is shown in blue. Note that the hawkfishes are in the centrarchiforms and independently evolved ventral fin regionalization from the other families shown, members of the Perciformes. Those two groups also appear to have evolved ventral regionalization independently. Phylogeny from Betancur et al. (2017), but also see Smith and Busby (2014) and Smith et al. (2018)