Fig. 3.

Pectoral fin swimming and perching in the dwarf hawkfish, C. falco. (A) Three cycles of swimming showing angular movement of landmarks on a pectoral fin (left) and the body axis. The leading edge and membranous region of the fin are actuated rhythmically. There is some coincident movement of the ventral free rays but that movement is irregular. (B) A trial of hawkfish swimming and perching (not the same trial as in A) illustrating movement of the membranous dorsal region of the pectoral fin and ventral free rays. Successive instances of peak abduction of the dorsal region of the pectoral fin can be seen during swimming at time 0 and 1.2 s, illustrating that the fins beat synchronously (in phase). At times 2.8 and 3.2 s, the free rays are splayed during perching. (C) and (D) Images of a hawkfish in its home aquarium showing perching on irregular substrate. Fin rays bend back toward the medial aspect of the fin and are curved more or less distally, accommodating varied distances to the surfaces beneath them