Figure 5.

Fusion of spheroid, organoid, and assembloid-based organ building blocks. (a) Homotypic spheroid fusion leading to simple adhesion [image adapted with permission from Jakab et al., 2004]. (b) Homotypic spheroid fusion of two luminal spheroids generates a spheroid with a single lumen [image adapted with permission from Fleming et al., 2010]. (c) Homotypic spheroid fusion with substructure interconnection of vascular networks [image adapted with permission from Homan et al., 2019]. (d) Heterotypic spheroid fusion leading to simple adhesion, mixing, or envelopment [images (top to bottom) adapted with permission from Kim et al., 2018; Birey et al., 2017; Foty et al., 1996].