Table 2.

Comparison of titers of adipic acid or its intermediate muconic acid obtained by different microbial production routes

Substrate	Organism	Intermediate	Titer (g/L)	References
p-Coumarate	Pseudomonas putida	Muconic acid (can be converted to AA with 100% yield)	13.5	[12]
Glucose	Escherichia coli	Muconic acid	36.8	[13]
Glucose	Escherichia coli	Direct from glucose	36·10−3	[14]
Glycerol	Escherichia coli	Direct from glucose	2.5	[20]
Glucose	Thermobifida fusca	Direct from glucose	2.23	[16]
Coconut oil	Yeast		52	[17]
1,6-Hexandiol	Gluconobacter oxydans		40	This work