Fig. 5.

Calcium images of NSCs cultured on three substrates. a Representative calcium image of NSCs cultured on GelMA-MXene films. b, c Ca²⁺ transients of representative individual cell at different time points on grooved GelMA hydrogel films (b) and GelMA-MXene hydrogel films (c). d Representative calcium transient traces of NSCs seeded on three substrates. e–g Histograms of the pulse width (e), the relative fluorescence amplitude (f) and the frequency (g) of Ca²⁺. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns mark means no significant difference