Table 4.
Multinomial logistic regression model for the association of TyG index quartiles with elevated blood pressure, pre-hypertension, and hypertension by age, sex, BMI, and insulin resistance status
| Quartile of TyG index | P interaction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| By age | ||||||
| Elevated BP | 0.387 | |||||
| Age < 50 years | No. of cases | 111 | 89 | 100 | 106 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 1.10 (0.82–1.48) | 1.28 (0.94–1.76) | ||
| Age ≥ 50 years | No. of cases | 99 | 158 | 206 | 189 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 1.54 (1.17–2.02) | 1.66 (1.25–2.21) | ||
| Pre-HTN | < 0.001 | |||||
| Age < 50 years | No. of cases | 360 | 442 | 575 | 748 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.30 (1.11–1.53) | 1.88 (1.60–2.20) | 2.64 (2.23–3.12) | ||
| Age ≥ 50 years | No. of cases | 219 | 332 | 525 | 547 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 1.56 (1.28–1.91) | 1.76 (1.43–2.16) | ||
| HTN | < 0.001 | |||||
| Age < 50 years | No. of cases | 56 | 121 | 195 | 436 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 2.00 (1.43–2.78) | 3.15 (2.29–4.34) | 6.68 (4.88–9.13) | ||
| Age ≥ 50 years | No. of cases | 105 | 218 | 302 | 409 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.52 (1.17–1.98) | 1.95 (1.51–2.52) | 2.84 (2.20–3.68) | ||
| By sex | ||||||
| Elevated BP | 0.015 | |||||
| Male | No. of cases | 86 | 113 | 126 | 169 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 1.32 (0.98–1.79) | ||
| Female | No. of cases | 124 | 134 | 180 | 126 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.78–1.32) | 1.52 (1.17–1.97) | 1.56 (1.17–2.08) | ||
| Pre-HTN | ||||||
| Male | No. of cases | 227 | 368 | 649 | 912 | 0.464 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 1.60 (1.32–1.94) | 2.03 (1.67–2.46) | ||
| Female | No. of cases | 352 | 406 | 451 | 383 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) | 1.75 (1.48–2.06) | 2.29 (1.90–2.75) | ||
| HTN | 0.453 | |||||
| Male | No. of cases | 63 | 144 | 267 | 576 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.47 (1.06–2.03) | 2.11 (1.55–2.86) | 3.91 (2.90–5.27) | ||
| Female | No. of cases | 98 | 195 | 230 | 269 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.88 (1.45–2.45) | 2.40 (1.85–3.12) | 3.97 (3.04–5.19) | ||
| By BMI | ||||||
| Elevated BP | 0.475 | |||||
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 168 | 182 | 204 | 153 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | 1.56 (1.22–2.00) | ||
| BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 41 | 65 | 101 | 141 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 1.14 (0.76–1.70) | 1.51 (1.02–2.23) | ||
| Pre-HTN | 0.598 | |||||
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 463 | 554 | 676 | 571 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | 1.86 (1.62–2.15) | 2.19 (1.88–2.56) | ||
| BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 115 | 217 | 423 | 722 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 1.67 (1.30–2.16) | 2.45 (1.91–3.14) | ||
| HTN | ||||||
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 130 | 213 | 271 | 349 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.50 (1.18–1.90) | 2.25 (1.78–2.83) | 3.94 (3.12–4.97) | 0.698 | |
| BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | No. of cases | 30 | 124 | 225 | 496 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 2.75 (1.79–4.24) | 3.27 (2.16–4.95) | 6.26 (4.18–9.36) | ||
| By insulin resistance statusa | ||||||
| Elevated BP | 0.749 | |||||
| HOMA-IR < 2.5 | No. of cases | 59 | 58 | 64 | 39 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.61–1.37) | 1.18 (0.78–1.78) | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | ||
| HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 | No. of cases | 7 | 6 | 12 | 39 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.34 (0.09–1.26) | 0.41 (0.13–1.32) | 0.83 (0.29–2.40) | ||
| Pre-HTN | 0.679 | |||||
| HOMA-IR < 2.5 | No. of cases | 138 | 189 | 222 | 153 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.47 (1.14–1.90) | 2.00 (1.53–2.61) | 1.86 (1.37–2.52) | ||
| HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 | No. of cases | 9 | 39 | 68 | 167 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.91 (0.80–4.54) | 1.71 (0.74–3.96) | 2.53 (1.12–5.74) | ||
| HTN | 0.067 | |||||
| HOMA-IR < 2.5 | No. of cases | 43 | 71 | 85 | 105 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.49 (0.98–2.27) | 1.92 (1.26–2.91) | 3.16 (2.06–4.86) | ||
| HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 | No. of cases | 6 | 18 | 35 | 84 | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (0.39–3.40) | 0.98 (0.35–2.78) | 1.36 (0.50–3.73) | ||
Adjusted for survey year, age, sex, marital status, education level, household income quartiles, smoking status, and frequency of heavy episodic drinking, family history of hypertension, and BMI, except for the variable used in each stratified analysis
TyG triglyceride and glucose, BP blood pressure, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, HTN hypertension, BMI body mass index, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
aOnly 3,945 subjects with available data on HOMA-IR were analyzed