Table 4.

Sleep wave–ripple coupling^a

Graphoelement | ripple	Significant modulation	Significant sidedness	Cort-R leading
Downstate | Cort-R	94.51% (258/273)	63.57% (164/258)	33.54% (56/164)
Spindle | Cort-R	29.3% (80/273)	73.75% (59/80)	28.81% (17/59)
Upstate | Cort-R	95.24% (260/273)	83.85% (218/260)	86.70% (189/218)

^aProportion of channels with significant peri-ripple modulations of sleep waves detected on the same channels within ±1000 ms (e.g., Upstate | Cort-R represents upstate peaks relative to cortical ripples at t = 0; one-sided randomization test, 200 shuffles, 50 ms nonoverlapping bins, 2 consecutive bins with p < 0.05 required for significance), and those with significant modulations that had significant sidedness preference around t = 0 (p < 0.05, one-sided binomial test, −1000 to −1 ms vs 1-1000 ms, expected = 0.5), and those with significant sidedness preference that had cortical ripples leading sleep waves (according to counts in −1000 to −1 ms vs 1-1000 ms). In the calculations, upstate and downstate times were peaks and spindle times were onsets. p values were FDR-corrected across channels and bins. For single sweep example, see Figure 10A. For peri-ripple time histograms of cortical sleep waves, see Figure 10B–D. For graphical representations of conditional probabilities, see Figure 10E–G.