Table 3.
Prevalence of the cirrhosis by selected characteristics in HBsAg-negative and HBcAb-positive US adults, NHANES, 2001–18
| Characteristics | NHANES 2001–2018 (Total) | NHANES 2001–2006 (Era 1) | NHANES 2007–2012 (Era 2) | NHANES 2013–2018 (Era 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted prevalence % (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted prevalence % (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted prevalence % (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted prevalence % (95% confidence interval) | |
| Overall | 3.76 (2.80–4.72) | 3.07 (1.70–4.44) | 5.08 (3.04–7.13) | 3.32 (1.63–5.02) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 4.56 (3.08–6.03) | 3.96 (1.97–5.94) | 7.06 (3.10–11.02) | 3.18 (1.15–5.22) |
| Female | 2.77 (1.71–3.82) | 1.91 (0.08–3.74) | 2.97 (1.60–4.34) | 3.52 (1.20–5.85) |
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| 20–39 | 0.26 (− 0.11 to 0.46) | 0 (0–0) | 0.49 (− 0.53 to 1.52) | 0.44 (− 0.46 to 1.36) |
| 40–59 | 3.69 (2.04–5.35) | 3.68 (1.20–6.16) | 5.46 (1.23–9.68) | 1.89 (0.44–3.33) |
| 60 and above | 5.77 (4.06–7.49) | 4.45 (2.56–6.34) | 7.09 (3.95–10.24) | 5.75 (2.49–9.02) |
| BMI | ||||
| < 25 | 3.79 (2.18–5.40) | 3.08 (.63–5.53) | 3.54 (1.24–5.84) | 5.60 (1.07–10.12) |
| 25–30 | 4.56 (2.56–6.56) | 3.27 (0.78–5.77) | 9.24 (3.93–14.54) | 1.07 (− 0.19 to 2.34) |
| > 30 | 2.43 (1.21–3.66) | 2.81 (0.09–5.53) | 2.83 (1.02–4.65) | 1.39 (− 0.04 to 2.84) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4.62 (2.50–6.74) | 3.86 (1.18–6.55) | 7.04 (1.52–12.56) | 3.60 (0.17–7.02) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3.92 (2.83–5.01) | 3.00 (1.56–4.44) | 4.38 (2.44–6.33) | 4.53 (2.15–6.91) |
| Others | 2.65 (1.60–3.70) | 1.82 (0.32–3.33) | 3.78 (1.40–6.15) | 2.27 (0.91–3.63) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 5.98 (4.35–7.61) | 5.32 (3.20–7.44) | 9.25 (5.14–13.35) | 3.72 (1.28–6.17) |
| High school or above | 2.97 (1.85–4.09) | 2.21 (0.51–3.90) | 3.61 (1.36–5.86) | 3.19 (1.20–5.19) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio level | ||||
| 0–1.0 | 5.07 (3.10–7.04) | 3.36 (0.69–6.02) | 5.20 (2.75–7.65) | 6.41 (2.00–10.83) |
| > 1.0 | 3.54 (2.38–4.69) | 3.02 (1.36–4.69) | 5.40 (2.75–8.06) | 2.40 (0.58–4.21) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| Non-drinker | 1.99 (1.25–3.91) | 0.31 (− 0.32 to 0.95) | 3.17 (1.50–4.83) | 2.95 (1.19–4.70) |
| Drinker | 4.20 (2.83–5.57) | 4.33 (2.24–6.42) | 5.57 (2.29–8.85) | 2.98 (0.97–4.98) |
| Excessive alcohol drinkinga | ||||
| Non-drinker | 1.99 (1.25–2.74) | 0.31 (− 0.32 to 0.95) | 3.17 (1.50–4.83) | 2.95 (1.17–4.72) |
| Low to moderate drinker | 4.29 (2.62–5.95) | 4.19 (1.89–6.49) | 4.95 (1.66–8.23) | 3.58 (0.11–7.05) |
| Heavy drinker | 6.86 (2.71–11.01) | 5.13 (1.15–9.11) | 9.45 (− 1.71 to 20.63) | 6.46 (1.32–11.60) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 2.72 (1.5–3.91) | 1.79 (0.68–2.91) | 4.69 (1.37–8.02) | 1.77 (0.78–2.75) |
| Former smoker | 4.00 (2.32–5.69) | 5.22 (1.24–9.29) | 3.20 (1.23–5.16) | 3.45 (1.22–5.69) |
| Current smoker | 5.40 (3.05–7.74) | 3.10 (0.68–5.52) | 7.85 (2.63–13.09) | 6.64 (1.26–12.02) |
| Liver disease | ||||
| No | 3.07 (2.09–4.05) | 2.46 (1.22–3.69) | 4.27 (2.05–6.49) | 2.65 (0.90–4.40) |
| Yes | 8.83 (5.21–12.45) | 7.87 (1.50–14.24) | 10.99 (3.36–18.62) | 7.91 (2.74–13.07) |
| Chronic hepatitis Cb | ||||
| No | 2.11 (1.35–2.87) | 2.22 (0.61–3.83) | 2.49 (1.31–3.66) | 1.47 (0.70–2.32) |
| Yes | 15.86 (9.36–22.36) | 18.24 (4.70–31.77) | 18.49 (5.25–31.73) | 12.96 (3.72–22.20) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 3.33 (2.34–4.32) | 3.10 (1.64–4.55) | 4.31 (1.85–6.76) | 2.70 (1.43–3.97) |
| Yes | 6.86 (3.40–10.33) | 2.81 (− 0.62 to 6.25) | 10.50 (4.44–16.56) | 7.33 (0.08–14.57) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 2.98 (1.88–4.04) | 3.29 (1.40–5.01) | 4.00 (1.37–6.63) | 1.65 (0.67–2.63) |
| Yes | 5.52 (3.83–7.20) | 2.67 (1.12–4.21) | 7.67 (5.21–10.12) | 6.11 (2.49–9.72) |
| HBsAb negative | ||||
| No | 3.08 (2.07–4.08) | 2.51 (1.21–3.82) | 4.23 (1.78–6.69) | 2.68 (1.08–4.28) |
| Yes | 6.28 (4.10–8.45) | 5.51 (134–9.68) | 7.87 (4.44–11.30) | 5.48 (1.60–9.37) |
Cirrhosis defined as Fibrosis-4 score > 3.25
All estimates accounted for complex survey designs and sampling weights of NHANES
aLow to moderate drinker defined as drinking < 1 drink/day in women and < 2 drinks/day in men, and heavy drinker defined as ≥ 1 drink/day in women and ≥ 2 drinks/day in men
bChronic hepatitis C is defined as hepatitis C virus RNA positive