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. 2022 Oct 30;13:6490. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34164-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b The heatmaps of the estimated strengths of CHP, $- \log_{10} (1 - Pr (η_{l} = 1))$ , for selected IVs across all chromosomes for 29 and 14 exposures for T2D in the European and East Asian populations, respectively. The p-values are calculated based on two-sided MR-CUE tests without multiple testing adjustment. c, d The heatmaps of enriched pathways for identified IVs with CHP by exposure in the European and East Asian populations, respectively. The p-values are calculated based on one-sided Fisher‘s exact tests without multiple testing adjustment. The blue y-axis in c, d represent the common pathways of European and East Asian populations.