Table 1.
Characteristics of NHANES population by measured CKD status (n = 38 474)
| Characteristic* | No CKD (n = 31 337) | CKD Stage 1–2 (n = 3515) | CKD Stage 3 (n = 3222) | CKD Stage 4–5 (n = 400) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted mean ± SE or Weighted % (95% CI) | ||||
| Age, years | 44.4 ± 0.18 | 51.1 ± 0.38 | 71.4 ± 0.30 | 68.8 ± 0.72 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 49.2 (48.7, 49.7) | 43.9 (41.8, 46.2) | 40.7 (38.9, 42.5) | 42.0 (37.8, 46.1) |
| Female | 50.8 (50.3, 51.3) | 56.1 (53.8, 58.2) | 59.3 (57.5, 61.1) | 58.0 (53.9, 62.2) |
| Kidney function awareness a | ||||
| Yes | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.7) | 8.9 (7.7, 10.1) | 58.4 (52.5, 64.3) |
| No | 98.9 (98.7, 99.0) | 96.2 (95.3, 96.9) | 91.1 (89.9, 92.3) | 41.6 (35.7, 47.5) |
| Race b | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 69.8 (67.6, 72.1) | 61.5 (58.2, 64.7) | 82.9 (80.9, 84.9) | 63.6 (58.6, 68.5) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.4 (9.2, 11.5) | 14.1 (12.2, 15.9) | 8.5 (7.2, 9.8) | 21.8 (18.0, 25.6) |
| Hispanic | 13.7 (12.0, 15.4) | 17.1 (14.6, 19.6) | 5.2 (3.7, 6.8) | 8.9 (6.8, 11.2) |
| Other Race | 6.1 (5.5, 6.7) | 7.4 (6.0, 8.7) | 3.4 (2.6, 4.2) | 5.6 (3.2, 8.1) |
| Place of birth | ||||
| US | 83.1 (81.6, 84.6) | 81.0 (78.8, 83.1) | 91.7 (90.3, 93.0) | 91.0 (88.5, 93.6) |
| Foreign | 16.9 (15.3, 18.4) | 19.0 (16.8, 21.1) | 8.3 (6.9, 9.7) | 8.9 (6.4, 11.5) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 5.6 (5.2, 5.9) | 22.8 (20.8, 24.8) | 23.1 (21.2, 25.0) | 45.8 (40.2, 51.4) |
| No | 94.4 (94.1, 94.8) | 77.2 (75.2, 79.2) | 76.9 (74.9, 78.8) | 54.2 (48.6, 59.8) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 25.4 (24.5, 26.3) | 44.8 (42.8, 46.9) | 67.7 (65.6, 69.7) | 84.6 (81.1, 88.2) |
| No | 74.6 (73.7, 75.5) | 55.2 (53.1, 57.2) | 32.3 (30.3, 34.3) | 15.4 (11.8, 18.9) |
| Poverty-income ratio | 3.1 ± 0.03 | 2.6 ± 0.05 | 2.7 ± 0.05 | 2.3 ± 0.08 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than High School | 17.0 (16.1, 18.0) | 26.4 (24.6, 28.2) | 27.5 (25.2, 29.8) | 34.3 (29.7, 38.9) |
| High School Diploma/GED or higher | 83.0 (81.9, 83.9) | 73.6 (71.8, 75.4) | 72.5 (70.2, 74.8) | 65.7 (61.0, 70.3) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 58.1 (56.9, 59.3) | 51.7 (49.2, 54.3) | 54.2 (51.8, 56.8) | 44.7 (39.2, 50.1) |
| Widowed | 3.9 (3.6, 4.1) | 9.7 (8.5, 11.0) | 28.8 (26.7, 30.9) | 30.4 (24.8, 35.9) |
| Divorced | 9.8 (9.3, 10.2) | 11.9 (10.3, 13.5) | 9.8 (8.2, 11.4) | 10.8 (7.3, 14.2) |
| Separated | 2.5 (2.2, 2.7) | 3.8 (2.9, 4.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 2.8 (1.6, 4.1) |
| Never Married | 18.4 (17.3, 19.5) | 15.9 (13.9, 17.8) | 4.0 (3.1, 4.9) | 10.2 (7.2, 13.2) |
| Living w Partner | 7.4 (6.9, 7.9) | 6.9 (5.8, 8.1) | 2.0 (1.2, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.00, 2.4) |
| Health insurance status | ||||
| Yes | 80.2 (79.2, 81.1) | 81.3 (79.5, 83.2) | 96.2 (95.3, 97.2) | 97.2 (95.5, 98.9) |
| No | 19.8 (18.9, 20.8) | 18.7 (16.8, 20.5) | 3.8 (2.8, 4.7) | 2.8 (1.1, 4.5) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | ||||
| Yes | 32.5 (31.6, 33.5) | 44.4 (41.6, 47.1) | 37.0 (35.2, 38.8) | 40.6 (34.8, 46.5) |
| No | 67.5 (66.5, 68.4) | 55.6 (52.9, 58.4) | 63.0 (61.2, 64.8) | 59.4 (53.5, 65.2) |
| Current smoking status c | ||||
| Yes | 49.5 (48.1, 50.9) | 49.1 (46.3, 51.8) | 19.5 (16.7, 22.3) | 28.2 (22.3, 34.1) |
| No | 50.5 (49.0, 51.9) | 50.9 (48.2, 53.7) | 80.5 (77.7, 83.3) | 71.8 (65.9, 77.7) |
aAnswer to ‘Have you ever been told you have weak or failing kidneys (excluding kidney stones, bladder infections, or incontinence)?’ question on survey.
bHispanic included ‘Mexican American’ and ‘Other Hispanic’; other included ‘Other—including multiracial’.
c20 577 Missing.
*Chi-sq tests—Rao-Scott modified chi-square test <0.0001; ANOVA—age, poverty-income ratio.