Table 2.
Incident diagnosis of cardiovascular outcomes
| Outcomes | Number of events | Crude incidence rate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| per 1,000 person-years (95% CI) | ||||||||
| No history of GDM | History of GDM | No history of GDM | History of GDM | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Total cardiovascular outcome | 12,984/203,249 | 110/1276 | 5.81 (5.71–5.91) | 7.80 (6.34–9.26) | 1.53 (1.34–1.76) | 1.37 (1.19–1.56) | 1.37 (1.19–1.56) | 1.36 (1.18–1.55) |
| Coronary artery disease | 5,675/213,822 | 57/1338 | 2.59 (2.52–2.65) | 4.19 (3.10–5.28) | 1.67 (1.38–2.01) | 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2,108/215,909 | 30/1358 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 2.13 (1.37–2.89) | 2.16 (1.66–2.80) | 1.67 (1.29–2.18) | 1.68 (1.29–2.19) | 1.65 (1.27–2.15) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1,268/217,478 | 17/1387 | 0.57 (0.54–0.60) | 1.21 (0.63–1.78) | 2.10 (1.48–2.98) | 1.70 (1.19–2.42) | 1.69 (1.19–2.41) | 1.68 (1.18–2.39) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 867/217,552 | 13/1385 | 0.39 (0.36–0.41) | 0.92 (0.42–1.43) | 2.47 (1.68–3.65) | 1.73 (1.16–2.56) | 1.73 (1.16–2.56) | 1.69 (1.14–2.51) |
| Heart failure | 2,222/217,322 | 26/1377 | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 1.86 (1.14–2.57) | 1.86 (1.40–2.45) | 1.43 (1.08–1.89) | 1.43 (1.08–1.90) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) |
| Aortic stenosis | 641/217,757 | 3/1390 | 0.29 (0.26–0.31) | 0.21 (0.03–0.45) | 1.07 (0.48–2.39) | 0.85 (0.38–1.91) | 0.85 (0.38–1.90) | 0.84 (0.37–1.87) |
| Mitral regurgitation | 861/217,593 | 13/1,386 | 0.39 (0.36–0.41) | 0.92 (0.42–1.43) | 2.48 (1.68–3.65) | 2.28 (1.53–3.38) | 2.26 (1.52–3.36) | 2.25 (1.51–3.34) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 4,691/215,787 | 40/1383 | 2.12 (2.06–2.18) | 2.85 (1.97–3.73) | 1.62 (1.30–2.02) | 1.48 (1.18–1.84) | 1.48 (1.18–1.84) | 1.47 (1.18–1.84) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 3,217/209,543 | 20/1342 | 1.50 (1.44–1.55) | 1.47 (0.82–2.11) | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | 1.06 (0.78–1.46) | 1.06 (0.78–1.46) | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) |
Data are presented as proportion (%)
CI confidence interval, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
Model 1, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
Model 2, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia) by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
Model 3, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia), and medication (aspirin, anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering agent) by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
Model 4, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia), medication (aspirin, Anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering agent), early menopause, and hysterectomy by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis