Table 1.
Summary of Articles/Cases of COVID-19-Related Cholangiopathy Published.
| Author (reference) | Country | Gender | Age (years) | Ethnicity | Presenting labs | Peak labs | Diagnosis | Treatment | Outcome | Months since (COVID-19 diagnosis) | Hospitalization status/Mechanical ventilation status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roth et al.4 | USA | Male | 38 | Non-Hispanic/White | AP - 81 AST- 30 ALT- 34 TB- 0.3 |
AP- 3665; AST- 539; ALT- 456 TB- 9.8 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy |
Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Tocilizumab Ampicillin Cefepime Ertapenem Vancomycin No UDCA |
Alive, no LT | 6 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Roth et al.4 | USA | Male | 25 | Hispanic/Multiracial | AP- 80 AST- 55 ALT- 52 TB- 0.5 |
AP- 2892; AST- 4491; ALT-1573 TB- 23.9 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Ivermectin Corticosteroids Tocilizumab Anakinra Convalescent plasma Remdesivir Meropenem Piperacillin-tazobactam Vancomycin no UDCA |
Alive, no LT | 5 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Roth et al.4 | USA | Female | 40 | Hispanic/Multiracial | AP- 163 AST- 24 ALT- 20 TB-0.3 |
AP- 2784; AST- 8860; ALT- 2546 TB- 12.7 |
MRCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Corticosteroids Anakinra Aztreonam Cefepime Ertapenem Meropenem Nitrofurantoin Piperacillin-tazobactam Vancomycin no UDCA |
Remained hospitalized | 6 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Durazo et al.9 | USA | Male | 47 | Non-hispanic/White | AP- 90 AST- 79 ALT- 52 TB 0.3 |
AP- 1644; AST- 384; ALT- 175 TB- 19 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin High dose Vitamin C no UDCA |
Alive, had LT | 2 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Rojas et al.11 | Colombia | Female | 29 | Hispanic/Multiracial | AP- 180 AST- 60 ALT-50 TB- 0.4 |
AP- 470; AST- 410 ALT- 410; TB- 19 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Antibiotics (unspecified) Colchicine Dexamethasone Furosemide UDCA |
Alive, no LT | Lost to follow-up | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Linnewebber et al.12 | Germany | Male | 64 | Not reported | Elevated liver enzymes | TB – 17; Others not described |
ERCP | Supportive standard COVID treatment (Not specified), UDCA. | Alive, no LT | Lost to follow-up | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Linnewebber et al.12 | Germany | Male | 72 | Not reported | Elevated liver enzymes | TB – 7.5; Others not described | MRCP, ERCP | Supportive standard COVID treatment (Not specified), UDCA. | Deceased, no LT | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation | |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 73 | Non-hispanic/White | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 1221; AST-336; ALT- 242 TB 16.9 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Azithromycin UDCA | Alive, declined LT evaluation | 7 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 39 | Hispanic | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 2129; AST- 328; ALT- 242 TB 2.2 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Tocilizumab Azithromycin UDCA |
Alive, no LT | 5 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 64 | Other | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 2035; AST- 323; ALT- 338 TB- 16.9 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin UDCA |
Alive, had LT | 10 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 77 | Non-hispanic/White | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 1855; AST- 711; ALT- 792 TB- 8.5 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Remdesivir UDCA |
Alive, no LT | 10 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 46 | Non-hispanic/White | Elevated liver enzymes | AP-2366; AST-2739; ALT- 2171 TB- 2.9 |
MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Tocilizumab UDCA |
Alive, no LT | 9 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 72 | Hispanic | Elevated liver enzymes | AP-2200; AST-1260; ALT-595 TB-16.0 |
MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin UDCA |
Deceased, no LT | 7 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 38 | Non-hispanic/White | Elevated liver enzymes | AP-1723; AST-409 ALT- 929; TB- 10.22 |
MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin UDCA |
Deceased, listed for LT | 9 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 60 | Non-hispanic/White | Elevated liver enzymes | AP -1325; AST- 30 ALT- 34; TB- 0.3 |
MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin UDCA |
Alive, listed for LT | 10 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 42 | Hispanic | Elevated liver enzymes | AP-1036; AST-576 ALT-385; TB-21.6 |
MRCP | Remdesivir Valacyclovir Foscarnet UDCA |
Deceased, no LT | 4 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 57 | Hispanic | Elevated liver enzymes | AP-2544; AST-332 ALT-260; TB-35 |
MRCP | Azithromycin UDCA | Deceased, no LT | 4 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Male | 68 | Other | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 2057; AST- 420; ALT- 286 TB-2.0 |
MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine UDCA |
Alive, declined LT | 10 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Faraqui et al.13 | USA | Female | 62 | Other | Elevated liver enzymes | AP- 965; AST-7400; LT-5854 TB- 4.4 |
MRCP | Azithromycin no UDCA | Alive, no LT | 6 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Lee et al.14 | USA | Male | 64 | Not reported | Normal Liver enzymes initially | Elevated but not reported | MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Tocilizumab Convalescent plasma No UDCA |
Alive, had LT | 8 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Tafreshi S et al.15 | USA | Male | 38 | Not reported | AP- 81 AST- 30 ALT- 34 TB-0.3 |
AP- 3665 AST- 539 ALT- 456 TB- 9.8 |
MRCP, ERCP, Liver biopsy | Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Tocilizumab no UDCA |
Alive, no LT | Lost to follow up | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Klindt et al.16 | Germany | Male | 47 | Not reported | AP-203 AST-83 ALT- 91 TB- 0.4 |
AP- 1700 AST- 470 ALT- 754 TB- 18 |
MRCP, Liver biopsy | Lopinvir – ritonavir Remdesivir Piperacillin-tazobactam Meropenem no UDCA |
Alive, had LT | 5 months | Hospitalized/Required mechanical ventilation |
| Kate et al.17 | UK | Male | 59 | Not reported | Reportedly normal | ALP 130 AST 83 ALT 102 Bili T 12 |
MRCP | Corticosteroids | Alive, persistent disease | 6 months | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Butikofer et al.18 | Switzerland | Male | 59 | Not reported | Normal | ALP 18 | MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine | On transplant waitlist | 7 months | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Butikofer et al.18 | Switzerland | Male | 67 | Not reported | Unknown | Peak ALP 21 x ULN | MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine | Exitus letalis | 55 days | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Butikofer et al.18 | Switzerland | Female | 54 | Note reported | Unknown | Peak ALP 18.8 ULN | MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine | Alive with persistent disease | 9 months 2 weeks | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Butikofer et al.18 | Switzerland | Male | 64 | Not reported | Unknown | Peak ALP 12.85 ULN | MRCP | Hydroxychloroquine | Exitus letalis | 14 days | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Rela et al.19 | India | Male | 50 | Not reported | Normal | Peak ALP 420 IU | Liver biopsy post OLT | Hydroxychloroquine | Status post OLT with normal liver tests | 6 months | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Franzini et al.20 | Brazil | Male | 65 | No reported | Not reported | Peak ALP 807 IU | MRCP and ERCP | Corticosteroids | Continued elevation in liver tests | 1 month | Required mechanical ventilation |
| Rojas et al.21 | Columbia | Female | 29 | Not reported | Not reported | Peak ALP 400 IU | Liver biopsy | Corticosteroids | Improvement | 3 months | Required mechanical ventilation |
AP (U/L), alkaline phosphatase, ALT (U/L), alanine aminotransferase, AST (U/L), aspartate aminotransferase, TB (mg/dl), total bilirubin, LT, liver transplant. MRCP, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; ULN, upper limit of normal.