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. 2022 Aug 11;269(12):6483–6493. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11310-9

Table 4.

List of design details different in epidemiological studies

Design feature Examples
Dystonia definition DMRF definition
ICD definition
DSM definition
Dystonia classification Segmental dystonia
Multifocal dystonia
Generalised dystonia
Psychogenic dystonia
Dystonic tremor
Diagnostic criteria Definition of dystonic tremor
Definition of psychogenic dystonia
Definition of oromandibular dystonia/bruxism
Diagnostic quality Media campaign and self-reporting
Non-specialists
Movement disorders specialists
Multiple independent examiners
Dystonia severity No relevance threshold (door-to-door survey)
Treatment threshold (service based designs)
Time and place of data acquisition Since 1970
Public and medical awareness
Availability of classification systems
Availability of treatment options
Availability of reliable data bases
Sample size of dystonia population 1–879 [3]
Sample size of reference population 707–5.8mio [12]
Type of reference population Ethnic composition
Type of data base Central registries
Local data base in movement disorders centre
Health care system structure Centralised system
De-centralised system