Table 3.
Comparison of pain, sleep and cognition scores between dystonia and control cohorts
| Dystonia | Cervical dystonia | Blepharospasm | Tremor | Dystonia, unspecified | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | p value | n (%) | |
| Pain | 1129/1565 (72.1%) | 2.29 × 10–19*** | 560/774 (72.3%) | 7.09 × 10–11*** | 86/131 (65.6%) | 0.283 | 347/485 (71.5%) | 1.51 × 10–6*** | 121/151 (80.1%) | 1.60 × 10–6 *** | 14,519/23911 (60.7%) |
| Headache | 430/1565 (27.5%) | 6.63 × 10–10*** | 220/774 (28.4%) | 1.08 × 10–6*** | 29/131 (22.1%) | 1 | 136/485 (28.0%) | 5.54 × 10–4*** | 41/151 (27.2%) | 0.458 | 4912/23911 (20.5%) |
| Facial pain | 60/1565 (3.8%) | 4.47 × 10–7*** | 18/774 (2.3%) | 1 | 13/131 (9.9%) | 0.004** | 17/485 (3.5%) | 0.094 | 11/151 (7.3%) | 0.004** | 439/23911 (1.8%) |
| Neck/shoulder pain | 551/1565 (35.2%) | 4.82 × 10–23*** | 268/774 (34.6%) | 5.80 × 10–11*** | 37/131 (28.2%) | 1 | 164/485 (33.8%) | 3.84 × 10–6*** | 71/151 (47.0%) | 4.50 × 10–10 *** | 5701/23911 (23.8%) |
| Back pain | 493/1565 (31.5%) | 3.22 × 10–6*** | 230/774 (39.7%) | 0.101 | 46/131 (35.1%) | 0.143 | 163/485 (33.6%) | 7.57 × 10–4*** | 49/151 (32.5%) | 0.565 | 6137/23911 (25.7%) |
| Stomach/abdominal pain | 201/1565 (12.8%) | 4.66 × 10–7*** | 100/774 (12.9%) | 6.50 × 10–4*** | 15/131 (11.5%) | 1 | 59/485 (12.2%) | 0.089 | 25/151 (16.6%) | 0.010* | 2094/23911 (8.8%) |
| Hip pain | 260/1565 (16.6%) | 6.33 × 10–9*** | 100/774 (12.9%) | 1 | 26/131 (19.8%) | 0.032* | 95/485 (19.6%) | 3.12 × 10–7*** | 35/151 (23.2%) | 9.12 × 10–5 *** | 2730/23911 (11.4%) |
| Knee pain | 402/1565 (25.7%) | 1.30 × 10–3*** | 196/774 (25.3%) | 0.119 | 31/131 (23.7%) | 1 | 130/485 (26.8%) | 0.055 | 42/151 (27.8%) | 0.636 | 5162/23911 (21.6%) |
| Pain all over | 59/1565 (3.8%) | 4.80 × 10–8*** | 22/774 (2.8%) | 0.196 | 2/131 (1.5%) | 1 | 22/485 (4.5%) | 4.80 × 10–5*** | 12/151 (7.9%) | 0.004** | 407/23911 (1.7%) |
| Sleep | |||||||||||
| Insomnia | 1263/1569 (80.5%) | 0.006** | 621/775 (80.1%) | 0.210 | 104/131 (79.4%) | 1 | 403/486 (82.9%) | 0.011* | 120/153 (78.4%) | 1 | 18,421/23942 (76.4%) |
| Chronotype | 554/1395 (39.7%) | 0.575 | 283/695 (40.7%) | 0.495 | 42/118 (35.6%) | 1 | 179/433 (41.3%) | 0.845 | 47/131 (35.9%) | 1 | 7997/21289 (37.6%) |
| Sleep duration | 594/1553 (38.2%) | 2.63 × 10–6*** | 267/772 (34.6%) | 0.789 | 46/129 (35.7%) | 1 | 208/478 (43.5%) | 7.50 × 10–7*** | 68/149 (45.6%) | 0.003** | 7639/23825 (32.1%) |
| Snoring | 550/1423 (38.7%) | 0.303 | 282/716 (39.4%) | 0.413 | 44/113 (38.6%) | 1 | 163/440 (37.0%) | 1 | 54/136 (39.7%) | 1 | 8029/22213 (36.1%) |
| Daytime sleepiness | 72/1553 (4.7%) | 4.61 × 10–4*** | 30/769 (3.9%) | 0.570 | 3/126 (2.4%) | 1 | 29/481 (6.0%) | 4.03 × 10–4*** | 10/153 (6.5%) | 0.065 | 683/23855 (2.9%) |
| Sleep pattern | |||||||||||
| Health Sleep pattern | 402/1249 (32.2%) | 4.90 × 10–4*** | 208/642 (32.4%) | 0.016* | 34/99 (34.3%) | 0.639 | 116/379 (30.6%) | 0.011* | 37/114 (32.5%) | 0.350 | 7306/19674 (37.1%) |
| Intermediate sleep pattern | 766/1249 (61.3%) | 0.049* | 397/642 (61.8%) | 0.095 | 57/99 (57.6%) | 0.939 | 237/379 (62.5%) | 0.124 | 67/114 (58.8%) | 1 | 11,502/19674 (58.5%) |
| Poor sleep pattern | 81/1249 (6.5%) | 7.67 × 10–4*** | 37/642 (5.8%) | 0.121 | 8/99 (8.1%) | 0.083 | 26/379 (6.9%) | 0.030* | 10/114 (8.8%) | 0.042* | 866/19674 (4.40%) |
| Sleep score | 3(2–4) | 9.16 × 10–8*** | 3(2–4) | 4.37 × 10–4*** | 3(2–4) | 0.517 | 3(2–4) | 3.01 × 10–5*** | 3(2–4) | 0.056 | 3(3–4) |
| Cognition | Median (range) [n] | p value | Median (range) [n] | p value | Median (range) [n] | p value | Median (range) [n] | p value | Median (range) [n] | p value | Median (range) [n] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numeric memory | 7 (6–7) [91] | 1 | 7 (6–8) [29] | 0.282 | 7 (6.5–7) [11] | 1 | 6 (6–7) [30] | 0.600 | 6 (5.5–7) [19] | 0.524 | 7 (6–8) [2466] |
| Prospective memory | 2 (1–2) [437] | 0.287 | 2 (2–2) [218] | 1 | 2 (1–2) [37] | 1 | 2 (1–2) [128] | 0.396 | 2 (1–2) [50] | 0.077 | 2 (2–2) [8307] |
| Good recall | 317/437 (72.5%) | 0.090 | 168/218 (77.1%) | 0.833 | 25/37 (67.6%) | 0.300 | 90/128 (70.3%) | 0.147 | 31/50 (62.0%) | 0.029* | 6331/8307 (76.2%) |
| Intermediate recall | 93/437 (21.3%) | 0.238 | 37/218 (17.0%) | 0.531 | 12/37 (32.4%) | 0.059 | 28/128 (21.9%) | 0.458 | 15/50 (30.0%) | 0.069 | 1569/8307 (18.9%) |
| Bad recall | 27/437 (6.2%) | 0.277 | 13/218 (6.0%) | 0.577 | 0/37 (0.0%) | – | 10/128 (7.8%) | 0.193 | 4/50 (8.0%) | 0.291 | 407/8307 (4.9%) |
| Fluid intelligence | 6 (4–7) [413] | 0.018* | 6 (4–7.75) [206] | 1 | 5 (4–5) [36] | 0.306 | 6 (4–7) [123] | 0.342 | 5 (4–7) [45] | 0.268 | 6 (4–7) [8008] |
| Pairs matching | |||||||||||
| Trial 1 | 0 (0–1) [1567] | 0.128 | 0 (0–1) [775] | 1 | 0 (0–1) [131] | 1 | 0 (0–1) [485] | 0.001** | 0 (0–1) [152] | 1 | 0 (0–1) [23795] |
| Trial 2 | 3 (2–6) [1567] | 0.820 | 4 (2–6) [775] | 0.640 | 3 (2–5) [131] | 1 | 3 (2–6) [485] | 1 | 4su (2–6) [152] | 1 | 3 (2–6) [23795] |
p values are all vs control and are represented as post-Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001