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. 2022 Oct 17;13:1026070. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026070

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Copyright © 2022 Xiao, Yu, Yan, Zhao and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic summary of microbial translocation, immune cells involved, and altered circulating markers in UCs, IRs, and INRs. UCs, uninfected controls; IRs, immune responders; INRs, immune non-responders; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; sCD14, soluble CD14; sCD163, soluble CD163; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-7, interleukin-7; IL-7R, interleukin-7 receptor; IL-1α, interleukin-1α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-18, interleukin-18; IP-10, interferon-inducible protein 10; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; hsCRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VCAM, vascular adhesion molecules; HA, hyaluronic acid; CXCL4, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 4; MC, myristyl carnitine; PC, palmitoylcarnitine; SC, stearoylcarnitine; OC, oleoylcarnitine; ↑, increase in comparison with uninfected controls; ↓, decrease in comparison with uninfected controls.