Table 1.
Maternal sociodemographic, obstetrics and clinical characteristics.
| Variables | Preeclampsia | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Total n (%) | ||
| 641 (1.6) | 39.571 (98.4) | 40.212 (100) | ||
| Age groups | <0.001 | |||
| <19 years old (Teenage pregnancy) | 1 (0.1) | 280 (0.7) | 281(0.7) | |
| 20–34 years 0ld | 446 (69.6) | 31,632 (79.9) | 32,078 (79.8) | |
| More than 35 years old (advance maternal age) | 194 (30.3) | 7,659 (19.4) | 7,853 (19.5) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.921 | |||
| Malay | 435 (67.9) | 27,142 (68.6) | 27,577 (68.6) | |
| Chinese | 91 (14.2) | 5,438 (13.7) | 5,529 (13.7) | |
| India | 16 (2.5) | 852 (2.2) | 868 (2.2) | |
| Others | 99 (15.4) | 6,139 (15.5) | 6,238 (15.5) | |
| Antenatal risk# | 0.952 | |||
| White 1 | 187 (29.2) | 11.621 (29.4) | 11.808 (29.4) | |
| White II | 391 (61.0) | 23.860 (60.3) | 24,251 (60.3) | |
| Green | 32 (5.0) | 2.237 (5.7) | 2,269.0 (5.6) | |
| Yellow | 10 (1.6) | 651 (1.6) | 661 (1.6) | |
| Red | 21 (3.3) | 1,202 (3.0) | 1,223 (3.0) | |
| Gravida classification | <0.001 | |||
| Gravida 2–5 | 256 (39.9) | 12.679 (32.0) | 12,935 (32.2) | |
| Gravida 6 and more | 349 (54.4) | 25.236 (63.8) | 25,585 (63.6) | |
| Gravida 1 | 36 (5.6) | 1,656 (4.2) | 1,692 (4.2) | |
| Parity classification | <0.001 | |||
| 1–4 | 301 (47.0) | 14,701 (37.2) | 15,002 (37.3) | |
| Para 5 and more | 330 (51.5) | 24,275 (61.3) | 24,605 (61.2) | |
| Nulliparous | 10 (1.6) | 595 (1.5) | 605 (1.5) | |
| Anemia | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 24 (3.7) | 5.137 (13.0) | 5,161 (12.8) | |
| No | 617 (96.3) | 34.434 (87.0) | 35,051 (87.2) | |
| Multiple pregnancy | 0.011 | |||
| Yes | 22 (3.4) | 795 (2.0) | 817 (2.0) | |
| No | 619 (96.6) | 38.776 (98.0) | 39,395 (98.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 12 (1.9) | 213 (0.5) | 225 (0.6) | |
| No | 629 (98.1) | 39.358 (99.5) | 39,987 (99.4) | |
| Gestational DM | 0.262 | |||
| Yes | 82 (12.8) | 5,681 (14.4) | 5,763 (14.3) | |
| No | 559 (87.2) | 33.890 (85.6) | 34,449 (85.7) | |
| Heart disease | 0.930 | |||
| Yes | 1 (0.2) | 100 (0.3) | 101 (0.3) | |
| No | 640 (99.8) | 39.471 (99.7) | 40,111 (99.7) | |
| Kidney disease | 0.910 | |||
| Yes | 1 (0.2) | 55 (0.1) | 56 (0.1) | |
| No | 640 (99.8) | 39.516 (99.9) | 40,156 (99.9) | |
| Autoimmune disease | 0.302 | |||
| Yes | 3 (0.5) | 80 (0.2) | 83 (0.2) | |
| No | 638 (99.5) | 39.491 (99.8) | 40,129 (99.8) | |
| History of preeclampsia | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 11 (1.7) | 81 (0.2) | 92 (0.2) | |
| No | 630 (98.3) | 39.490 (99.8) | 40,120 (99.8) | |
| History of gestational hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 2 (0.3) | 51 (0.1) | 53 (0.1) | 0.472 |
| No | 639 (99.7) | 39.520 (99.9) | 40,159 (99.9) | |
| Gestational hypertension | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 50 (7.8) | 850 (2.1) | 900 (2.2) | |
| No | 591 (92.2) | 38.721 (97.9) | 39,312 (97.8) | |
| Chronic hypertension | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 62 (9.7) | 384 (1.0) | 446 (1.1) | |
| No | 579 (90.3) | 39,187 (99.0) | 39.766 (98.9) | |
#antenatal risk level is classified according to the Malaysian Color-Coding System (Ministry of Health antenatal risk assessment system: red, very high risk; yellow, high risk; green, medium risk; white II, low risk; white I: very low risk) (21).