Table 2.
Filament manufacturing method for PLA reinforced with plant-based fillers (3D printing)
| Thermoplastic | Grade | Types of filler | Material blending | Filler ratio | Filament production | Filament diameter (mm) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLA | 2003D | Wood particles | Dried, compounded and pelletized | 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% | Single screw filament Noztek-Pro Extruder | 1.75 | [23, 195, 196] |
| PLA | 4032D | Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose | Melt blending and extrusion | 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% | Single screw extruder | 1.75 | [197] |
| PLA | – | Hemp fibres | 10% | Replicator 2 from MakerBot | 1.75 | [198–201] | |
| PLA | 4032D | Hemp hurd (HH) | Melt-compounding (13% PBAT as toughening agent) | – | Single screw extruder 3D da Vinci 1.0 Professional Printer | 1.75 | [202] |
| PLA | 4032D | Carbonized cellulose nanofibers (CCN) | CNF suspension was diluted down to 1 wt%, homogenized, spray drying | – | Single screw extruder (EX2, Filabot, Barre, VT) | 1.74 | [203–205] |
| PLA | 4043D | Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) | Injection molding using a single-screw minijector | 5% | LulzBot TAZ 6 | – | [206–209] |
| PLA | 4032D | Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) | Solvent-mixed, thermal compounding, extrusion | 1%, 2%, and 3% | FlashForge Creator Pro (Flashforge USA) | – | [204, 210, 211] |
| PLA | 2003D | Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) | Compounding, extrusion | 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% | Single screw extruder Ultimaker 3.0 | 1.75 | [20, 212–215] |
| PLA | 4032D | Cork powder | Melt-mixing, compression molding (tributyl citrate (TBC) plasticizer) | 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 50% | Makerbot Replicator 2 | 1.75 | [216] |
aPLA: Polylactic acid, the terms such as ‘4032D’ refers to the commercial grade of PLA