Figure 3.

LA-1 improves the imbalanced intestinal environment and microbiome. (A) Representative images show H&E staining of the intestine in the WT, vehicle, LA-1, and celecoxib groups (magnification ×200). (B) Inflammatory factor expression in intestinal epithelial cells was determined by IHC in each group (magnification ×200). (C) Tight junction protein (TJP) expression in intestinal epithelial cells was increased by LA-1 (magnification ×200). (D) The feces of OA rats had different phyla, family, and species phenotypes from those treated with LA-1, and a relatively high proportion of beneficial bacteria was found in the feces of LA-1-treated rats. (E) LA-1 altered the F/B ratio and the population of butyrate-producing bacteria. (F) LA-1 increased the level of the short-chain fatty acid receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (magnification ×400). Data are means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005), ns, not significant.