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. 2022 Oct 17;13:930511. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930511

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Copyright © 2022 Cho, Na, Jhun, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Um, Kim, Park and Cho

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Butyrate reduces OA pain and exerts a chondroprotective effect. (A) Butyrate improved rat paw withdrawal latency and weight bearing at 3 weeks after induction of MIA, indicating pain suppression. (B) Butyrate reduced the levels of neurotransmitters in rat dorsal root ganglion (magnification ×400). (C) Three weeks after OA induction, butyrate protected the rat knee joint from OA-associated degradation (magnification ×200). (D) IHC analysis confirmed the regulation of butyrate-mediated inflammatory factors (IL-1β, iNOS, MCP-1, TNF-α) and catabolic factors (MMP13) in the same synovial tissue site as determined by IHC (magnification ×400). Data are means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001), ns, not significant.