Fig. 8.

Summary of tumor-derived nanovaccines. Tumor tissue/cells removed from the patient or cultured in the laboratory can be extracted to obtain the desired tumor cell components. After engineered modifications, they can deliver a variety of active substances to the tumor originator and exert antitumor effects through different strategies. In the future, we will need to pay attention to standardized quality specifications during production to ensure a pure, safe, and economically viable vaccine, which is a challenge (Created with BioRender.com).