Table 6.
Characteristics of tumor cell-derived vaccines.
| Vaccine type | Cell-derived components | Feature | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor cell-derived vaccines | Whole tumor cells | Contain intact autoantigens, reducing the chance of tumor escape | [79,83,85,[88], [89], [90]] |
| Tumor cell-derived nanovesicles | Contain the full range of tumor cell antigens; nanoscale particle sizes can improve pharmacokinetics by overcoming cell or tissue barriers and prolonging circulation times | [101] | |
| Tumor lysates | Contain a wide range of tumor-associated epitopes, but the low number of tumor-specific antigens may induce a transformation of DC tolerance | [21,105,106,108,[111], [112], [113], [114]] | |
| Tumor stem cells | Contain CSC vaccine-initiated antibodies and T cells that selectively target tumor stem cells to inhibit tumor growth, reduce the development of primary tumor lung metastasis, and prolong survival | [62,94] | |
| Whole tumor RNAs | Contain all the antigen sequences of the tumor; can induce stronger and more durable antitumor immunity; has self-adjuvant properties; do not integrate mutations into the gene sequence; pose no risk of infection | [119,123,125] | |
| Tumor extracellular vesicles | Exosomes | Contain a variety of functional molecular cargoes from primitive tumor cell membranes and endosomes; avoid immune rejection; release TEXs in large numbers; are easy to obtain | [47,137,142,143,145,147,[150], [151], [152]] |
| Microvesicles | Contain a variety of tumor-related nucleic acid proteins and other bioactive substances; can regulate the characteristics and activities of tumors, including tumor metastasis, invasion angiogenesis, and immune regulation | [161,167,169] | |
| Tumor cell membrane-driven vaccines | Tumor cell membranes | Contain tumor-associated antigens or tumor-specific antigens; do not contain genetic material; have increased biological safety; pose easier mass manufacturing and longer storage time; have targeting ability | [179,180,182,184] |
| Tumor cell membrane-coated nanoparticles | Combine with nanoparticles loaded inside to start immunotherapy | [32,67,174,187,192] | |
| Fusion membranes | Possess tumor targeting, stronger immune stimulation, longer circulation time, and enhances growth of specific organs (such as liver and spleen) | [33,36,197,198,201,205] |