Table 1.

Comparison of isobutanol production strategies.

Host Cell	Substrate	Titer (g/L)	Yield (%)	Productivity (g/[Lah])	Reference
In vivo
C. thermocellum	Cellulose	5.4	41	0.072	Lin et al. (2015)
G. thermoglucosidqsius	Glucose	3.3	22	0.069	Lin et al. (2014)
	Cellobiose	0.6	8	0.013
R. eutropha	Fructose	0.2	5	0.0028	Black et al. (2018)
S. cerevisiae	Glucose	0.635	2	0.013	Avalos et al. (2013)
In vitro
Free in solution	Glucose	0.76	53	0.032	Guterl et al. (2012)
Free in solution	Glucose	275	95	4	Sherkhanov et al. (2020)
Partially immobilizeda	Keto acid	2.59	54	0.11	Grimaldi et al. (2016b)
Epoxy immobilized	Keto acid	2	43	0.083	Wong et al. (2019)
in vivo to in vitro	Keto acid	1.78	93	0.074	This work

^aReaction was partially immobilized: ADH_WT and MBP-KIVD_WT immobilized, FDH_WT free in solution.