Table 4.
Knowledge of parents and teachers towards HFMD.
| Knowledge | Number of respondents (%) | p | Crude OR (99% Cl) | Adjusted ORa (99% CI) | Adjusted ORb (99% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Question | Response options | Overall | High practise | Low practise | ||||
| Parents | N = 404 | N = 99 | N = 305 | |||||
| Overall Score | Mean (SD) | 0.74 (1.76) | 0.71 (1.75) | 0.75 (1.77) | 0.86 | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) |
| Median (IQR) | 0.8 (−0.1–2.2); Range: −5–5 |
0.6 (−1–2.15); Range: −3.6–5 |
0.8 (0.15–2.2); Range: −5–5 |
0.75 | NA | |||
| 1 | Non–Viral | 114 (28.22) | 28 (28.28) | 86 (28.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Viral | 290 (71.78) | 71 (71.72) | 219 (71.8) | 1.00 (0.51–1.93) | 1.31 (0.63–2.71) | 1.30 (0.63–2.70) | ||
| Q1 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.90) | 0.44 (0.90) | 0.44 (0.90) | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | 1.14 (0.79–1.65) | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | |
| 2 | Saliva | 339 (83.91) | 79 (79.8) | 260 (85.25) | 0.21 | 0.68 (0.32–1.47) | 0.98 (0.42–2.30) | 0.97 (0.41–2.27) |
| Stool | 186 (46.04) | 39 (39.39) | 147 (48.2) | 0.13 | 0.70 (0.38–1.28) | 0.83 (0.43–1.63) | 0.87 (0.44–1.71) | |
| Fluid from an infected person's blisters | 318 (78.71) | 76 (76.77) | 242 (79.34) | 0.58 | 0.86 (0.42–1.76) | 1.10 (0.5–2.42) | 1.14 (0.51–2.51) | |
| Respiratory droplets | 301 (74.5) | 76 (76.77) | 225 (73.77) | 0.60 | 1.17 (0.58–2.36) | 1.48 (0.69–3.19) | 1.58 (0.73–3.42) | |
| Touching surfaces previously touched by infected case | 293 (72.52) | 78 (78.79) | 215 (70.49) | 0.12 | 1.55 (0.76–3.17) | 1.25 (0.58–2.72) | 1.29 (0.59–2.82) | |
| I don't know | 3 (0.74) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.98) | 1 | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | |
| Q2 Score: Mean (SD) | −0.54 (0.77) | −0.65 (0.70) | −0.51 (0.78) | 0.11 | 0.78 (0.52–1.19) | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.88 (0.55–1.39) | |
| 3 | Alcohol–based sanitiser | 319 (78.96) | 83 (83.84) | 236 (77.38) | 0.20 | 1.52 (0.69–3.33) | 1.60 (0.69–3.72) | 1.60 (0.69–3.73) |
| Regular Liquid Soap | 205 (50.74) | 56 (59.6) | 146 (47.87)ramyaI!! | 0.05 | 1.61 (0.88–2.94)ramyaI!! | 2.23 (1.12–4.42)* | 2.18 (1.09–4.33)* | |
| Antibacterial liquid soap | 309 (76.49) | 81 (81.82) | 228 (74.75) | 0.17 | 1.52 (0.72–3.22) | 1.38 (0.61–3.10) | 1.39 (0.61–3.15) | |
| Hospital grade soap | 250 (61.88) | 64 (64.65) | 186 (60.98) | 0.55 | 1.17 (0.63–2.18) | 1.28 (0.65–2.55) | 1.24 (0.62–2.46) | |
| Household bleach | 177 (43.81) | 48 (48.48) | 129 (42.3) | 0.30 | 1.28 (0.71–2.33) | 1.84 (0.93–3.64)ramyaI!! | 1.81 (0.91–3.58)ramyaI!! | |
| I don't know | 27 (6.68) | 3 (3.03) | 24 (7.87) | 0.11 | 0.37 (0.07–1.82) | 0.42 (0.08–2.29) | 0.46 (0.08–2.57) | |
| Q3 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.55 (0.49) | 0.64 (0.39) | 0.52 (0.51)ramyaI!! | 0.02 | 1.82 (0.87–3.81)ramyaI!! | 2.27 (0.94–5.50)ramyaI!! | 2.19 (0.90–5.32)ramyaI!! | |
| 4 | Fever | 373 (92.33) | 91 (91.92) | 282 (92.46) | 0.83 | 0.93 (0.31–2.79) | 1.04 (0.32–3.43) | 1.08 (0.32–3.60) |
| Blisters on the hands and feet | 398 (98.51) | 97 (97.98) | 301 (98.69) | 0.64 | 0.64 (0.07–6.12) | 0.64 (0.06–6.66) | 0.69 (0.06–7.93) | |
| Mouth ulcers | 400 (99.01) | 97 (97.98) | 303 (99.34) | 0.25 | 0.32 (0.02–4.28) | 0.23 (0.02–3.19) | 0.27 (0.02–3.80) | |
| Poor appetite | 59 (14.6) | 16 (16.16) | 43 (14.1) | 0.63 | 1.17 (0.52–2.67) | 1.56 (0.63–3.93) | 1.50 (0.59–3.81) | |
| Vomiting | 39 (9.65) | 12 (12.12) | 27 (8.85) | 0.33 | 1.42 (0.55–3.66) | 1.93 (0.67–5.62) | 1.75 (0.60–5.17) | |
| Lethargy | 67 (16.58) | 21 (21.21) | 46 (15.08) | 0.16 | 1.52 (0.71–3.22) | 1.75 (0.76–4.02) | 1.78 (0.77–4.11) | |
| I don't know | 77 (19.06) | 20 (20.2) | 57 (18.69) | 0.77 | 1.10 (0.52–2.33) | 1.44 (0.63–3.28) | 1.43 (0.62–3.29) | |
| Q4 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.50 (0.03) | 0.51 (0.20) | 0.50 (0.17) | 0.51 | 1.59 (0.31–8.31) | 2.90 (0.46–18.34) | 2.76 (0.43–17.68) | |
| 5 | Not false | 50 (12.38) | 14 (14.14) | 36 (11.8) | 0.60 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| False | 354 (87.62) | 85 (85.86) | 269 (88.2) | 0.81 (0.34–1.94) | 0.87 (0.32–2.33) | 1.07 (0.38–2.99) | ||
| Q5 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.75 (0.66) | 0.72 (0.70) | 0.76 (0.65) | 0.56 | 0.90 (0.58–1.39) | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) | |
| 6 | Not True | 294 (72.77) | 71 (71.72) | 223 (73.11) | 0.80 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| True | 110 (27.23) | 28 (28.28) | 82 (26.89) | 1.07 (0.55–2.08) | 1.25 (0.60–2.61) | 1.21 (0.58–2.53) | ||
| Q6 Score: Mean (SD) | −0.46 (0.89) | −0.43 (0.91) | −0.46 (0.89) | 0.79 | 1.04 (0.74–1.44) | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | |
| Teachers | N = 240 | N = 28 | N = 212 | |||||
| Overall Score | Mean (SD) | 1.10 (1.76) () | 0.65 (2.01) () | 1.16 (1.72) () | 0.21 | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 0.93 (0.67–1.28) |
| Median (IQR) | 1.27 (0–2); Range: −6–5.47 | 1.05 (−0.64–1.83); Range: −4.5–3.75 | 1.27 (0–2); Range: −6–5.47 | 0.25 | NA | |||
| 1 | Non–Viral | 67 (27.92) | 9 (32.14) | 58 (27.36) | 0.66 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Viral | 173 (72.08) | 19 (67.86) | 154 (72.64) | 0.80 (0.26–2.43) | 0.83 (0.26–2.65) | 0.84 (0.26–2.66) | ||
| Q1 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.90) | 0.36 (0.95) | 0.45 (0.89) | 0.62 | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | |
| 2 | Saliva | 195 (81.59) | 22 (81.48) | 173 (81.6) | 1 | 0.99 (0.26–3.85) | 1.13 (0.28–4.63) | 1.11 (0.27–4.57) |
| Stool | 111 (46.44) | 13 (48.15) | 98 (46.23) | 1 | 1.08 (0.38–3.10) | 1.18 (0.39–3.59) | 1.17 (0.38–3.58) | |
| Fluid from an infected person's blisters | 201 (84.1) | 23 (85.19) | 178 (83.96) | 1 | 1.10 (0.25–4.81) | 1.82 (0.37–9.05) | 1.76 (0.35–8.84) | |
| Respiratory droplets | 173 (72.38) | 18 (66.67) | 155 (73.11) | 0.50 | 0.74 (0.24–2.26) | 0.76 (0.23–2.44) | 0.73 (0.22–2.37) | |
| Touching surfaces previously touched by infected case | 183 (76.57) | 22 (81.48) | 161 (75.94) | 0.64 | 1.39 (0.36–5.33) | 1.77 (0.41–7.54) | 1.79 (0.42–7.67) | |
| I don't know | 1 (0.42) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.47) | 1 | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | |
| Q2 Score: Mean (SD) | −0.62 (0.71) | −0.69 (0.68) | −0.61 (0.72) | 0.58 | 0.85 (0.39–1.87) | 0.72 (0.30–1.72) | 0.72 (0.30–1.71) | |
| 3 | Alcohol–based sanitiser | 174 (72.5) | 20 (71.43) | 154 (72.64) | 1 | 0.94 (0.30–2.97) | 1.03 (0.31–3.40) | 0.99 (0.3–3.32) |
| Regular Liquid Soap | 96 (40) | 13 (46.43) | 83 (39.15) | 0.54 | 1.35 (0.48–3.82) | 1.43 (0.48–4.26) | 1.40 (0.47–4.19) | |
| Antibacterial liquid soap | 181 (75.42) | 17 (60.71) | 164 (77.36) | 0.06 | 0.45 (0.15–1.34) | 0.58 (0.18–1.83) | 0.56 (0.17–1.78) | |
| Hospital grade soap | 139 (57.92) | 12 (42.86) | 127 (59.91) | 0.10 | 0.50 (0.18–1.43) | 0.55 (0.18–1.64) | 0.54 (0.18–1.63) | |
| Household bleach | 88 (36.67) | 11 (39.29) | 77 (36.32) | 0.84 | 1.13 (0.39–3.28) | 1.45 (0.47–4.45) | 1.47 (0.48–4.52) | |
| I don't know | 14 (5.83) | 3 (10.71) | 11 (5.19) | 0.22 | 2.19 (0.38–12.8) | 1.90 (0.31–11.58) | 2.00 (0.32–12.27) | |
| Q3 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.51 (0.46) | 0.41 (0.59) | 0.52 (0.44) | 0.38 | 0.65 (0.24–1.76) | 0.76 (0.27–2.19) | 0.74 (0.26–2.14) | |
| 4 | Fever | 209 (87.08) | 21 (75) | 188 (88.68) | 0.07 | 0.38 (0.11–1.34)ramyaI!! | 0.38 (0.10–1.45) | 0.38 (0.10–1.45) |
| Blisters on the hands and feet | 238 (99.17) | 28 (100) | 210 (99.06) | 1 | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | |
| Mouth ulcers | 230 (95.83) | 25 (89.29) | 205 (96.7) | 0.10 | 0.28 (0.04–1.83) | 0.41 (0.06–3.11) | 0.43 (0.06–3.26) | |
| Poor appetite | 168 (70) | 15 (53.57) | 153 (72.17) | 0.05 | 0.44 (0.16–1.28) | 0.49 (0.16–1.46) | 0.48 (0.16–1.45) | |
| Vomiting | 70 (29.17) | 6 (21.43) | 64 (30.19) | 0.39 | 0.63 (0.18–2.20) | 0.63 (0.17–2.29) | 0.57 (0.15–2.16) | |
| Lethargy | 101 (42.08) | 8 (28.57) | 93 (43.87) | 0.16 | 0.51 (0.16–1.59) | 0.45 (0.13–0.15) | 0.45 (0.13–1.50) | |
| I don't know | 1 (0.42) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.47) | 1 | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | |
| Q4 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.25) | 0.61 (0.27) | 0.71 (0.25) | 0.07 | 0.26 (0.04–1.67) | 0.29 (0.05–1.89) | 0.28 (0.04–1.82) | |
| 5 | Not false | 33 (13.75) | 2 (7.14) | 31 (14.62) | 0.39 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| False | 207 (86.25) | 26 (92.86) | 181 (85.38) | 2.23 (0.32–15.73) | 2.36 (0.32–17.54) | 2.34 (0.32–17.45) | ||
| Q5 Score: Mean (SD) | 0.73 (0.69) | 0.86 (0.52) | 0.71 (0.71) | 0.18 | 1.49 (0.56–3.97) | 1.54 (0.56–4.19) | 1.53 (0.56–4.18) | |
| 6 | Not True | 199 (82.92) | 27 (96.43) | 172 (81.13) | 0.06 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| True | 41 (17.08) | 1 (3.57) | 40 (18.87) | 0.16 (0.01–2.28) | Omitted | Omitted | ||
| Q6 Score: Mean (SD) | −0.66 (0.75) | −0.93 (0.38) | −0.62 (0.78) | < 0.01 | 0.40 (0.11–1.51) | NA | NA | |
OR, Odds ratio;
*
p < 0.01; ramyaI!!0.01 p < 0.05; NA, Not Applicable; p, Fisher's exact test p-value (categorical variable) or t-test p-value (continuous variable).
a
Parents: adjusted for ethnicity, Q16 Score, Q17 Score; Teachers: adjusted for Q6 Score, Q20 Score.
b
Parents: adjusted for ethnicity, Q16 Score, Q17 Score, HFMD Status (Yes as reference group); Teachers: adjusted for Q6 Score, Q20 Score, HFMD-related centre closure experience (Yes as reference group).