Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study (Year) | Country | Study Design | Age (Mean ± SD Years) | Gender (% Male) | Sample Size (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davis (2005)59 | Australia | Cohort | 36.4 | 18.2 | 68 |
| Rose (2006)67 | Australia | Cross-sectional | 30 - 50 | 0 | 5 |
| Cooke (2007)57 | Australia | Cohort | 37.5 | 20.5 | 79 |
| Cutshall (2010)58 | US | Cross-sectional | Various | NR | 49 |
| Rose (2010)68 | Australia | Cross-sectional | NR | 0 | 16 |
| Lai (2011)62 | Taiwan | RCT | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 0 | 54 |
| Happell (2013)60 | Australia | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | 38 |
| Jordan (2016)61 | US | Cross-sectional | 41.0 ± 10.8 | 4 | 120 |
| Tuisku (2016)70 | Finland | Cross-sectional | 44.9 | 5.8 | 530 |
| Oates (2018)63 | UK | Cross-sectional | Various | 18.5 | 27 |
| Ploukou (2018)66 | Greece | RCT | NR | 4.2 | 48 |
| Ceravolo (2019)56 | US | Cohort | NR | NR | 12 |
| Ozgundondu (2019)64 | Turkey | RCT | 26.2 ± 3.9 | 0 | 56 |
| Phillips (2020)65 | US | Cohort | 38.2 ± 10.7 | 4.7 | 43 |
| Semerci (2020)69 | Turkey | Cohort | 40.2 ± 4.3 | 0 | 30 |
| W.J (2021)71 | India | RCT | 28.5 ± 3.6 | 0 | 30 |
Abbreviations: NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.