Table 1.
Association Between Smoking and Respiratory Virus Infection and Illness, British Cold Study
| n | Percent | Model type | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 396) | Model 2 (n = 396) | Model 3 (n = 396) | Model 4 (n = 373) | |||
| Infection | ||||||
| Total | 396 | 82.3 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 112 | 88.4 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.21) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) |
| No | 284 | 79.9 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Coronavirus 229E | 55 | 90.9 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 20 | 95.0 | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.63) |
| No | 35 | 88.6 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Other viruses | 341 | 80.9 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 92 | 87.0 | 1.10 (1.0, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) |
| No | 249 | 78.7 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Illness | ||||||
| Total | 396 | 38.1 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 112 | 42.0 | 1.15 (0.88, 1.50) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.57) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.47) | 1.48 (1.11, 1.96) |
| No | 284 | 36.6 | ref | ref | ||
| Coronavirus 229E | 55 | 61.8 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 20 | 60.0 | 0.95 (0.62, 1.48) | 0.95 (0.63, 1.44) | 1.11 (0.68, 1.80) | 1.14 (0.62, 2.08) |
| No | 35 | 62.9 | ref | ref | ref | |
| Other viruses | 341 | 34.3 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 92 | 38.0 | 1.16 (0.84, 1.58) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.64) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.58) | 1.49 (1.06, 2.10) |
| No | 249 | 32.9 | ref | ref | ref | |
Model 1 = unadjusted.
Model 2 = adjusted for age and sex.
Model 3 = additionally adjusted for allergy to food or drug, season, number of roommates, virus type.
Model 4 = additionally adjusted for seropositivity for the viruses before the challenge, number of infected roommates, education, BMI, and alcohol consumption.
Participants were classified as smokers if the average of two serum cotinine measurements was 15 ng/mL or higher or if they self-reported being a current smoker.
Other viruses included RSV, RV 14, RV 9, and RV 2.