Table 3.
Hospital-Onset and Community-Onset Antimicrobial Resistance Types per 1000 Admissions During the Pre–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic Period and by SARS-CoV-2 Testing Status During the Pandemic
| Characteristic | July 2019–Feb 2020 | SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020–October 2021) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre–SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 Positive | SARS-CoV-2 Negative | Not Tested | SARS-CoV-2 Period Total | |
| Total admissions, No. | 1 789 458 | 189 114 | 1 898 651 | 1 641 443 | 3 729 208 |
| Total with ≥1 AMR event overall, No. | 63 263 | 9296 | 77 999 | 42 115 | 129 410 |
| Resistance type, rate (No.) | |||||
| Gram-negative | |||||
| Carbapenem NS | 0.807 (1444) | 1.719 (325)* | 0.920 (1747)* | 0.548 (899)* | 0.797 (2971) |
| ESBL positive | 2.152 (3851) | 3.659 (692)* | 2.880 (5468)* | 1.811 (2972)* | 2.449 (9132)* |
| Pip-Tazo NS | 1.122 (2008) | 1.465 (277)* | 1.199 (2277) | 0.754 (1238)* | 1.017 (3792)* |
| FQ NS | 9.640 (17 250) | 11.744 (2221)* | 10.447 (19 836)* | 7.092 (11 641)* | 9.036 (33 698)* |
| MDR/pan-NS | 10.835 (19 389) | 15.874 (3002)* | 12.947 (24 582)* | 7.632 (12 527)* | 10.756 (40 111)** |
| Gram-positive | |||||
| MRSA | 9.125 (16 329) | 11.374 (2151)* | 10.554 (20 038)* | 6.620 (10 866)* | 8.864 (33 055)** |
| VRE | 1.361 (2435) | 2.866 (542)* | 1.912 (3630)* | 1.073 (1762)* | 1.591 (5934)* |
| SP any NS | 0.311 (556) | 0.455 (86)** | 0.222 (421)* | 0.128 (210)* | 0.192 (717)* |
Abbreviations: AMR, antimicrobial resistance; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; FQ, fluoroquinolone; MDR, multidrug-resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; NS, nonsusceptible; Pip-Tazo, piperacillin-tazobactam; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SP, Streptococcus pneumoniae; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
*P < .001 χ2 test of significance compared to pre–SARS-CoV-2.
**P < .01 χ2 test of significance compared to pre–SARS-CoV-2.