TABLE 3.

Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate on IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β production in clone 43 cells^a

Treatment	Production (pg/ml) of cytokineb:
	IL-1α	IL-1β	TNF-α	TGF-β
None	0	0	0	0
LPS (1 μg/ml)	302 ± 100	799 ± 147	535 ± 135	0
Ethanol
25 mM	175 ± 43	165 ± 37	179 ± 81	75 ± 31
75 mM	101 ± 31	85 ± 37	50 ± 71	25 ± 43
150 mM	37 ± 10	57 ± 14	78 ± 34	250 ± 84
Acetaldehyde
25 mM	168 ± 37	159 ± 50	180 ± 90	62 ± 20
75 mM	99 ± 22	130 ± 50	157 ± 68	101 ± 30
150 mM	40 ± 13	52 ± 20	73 ± 29	239 ± 70
Acetate
25 mM	164 ± 40	153 ± 37	173 ± 70	39 ± 10
75 mM	99 ± 24	79 ± 30	134 ± 80	110 ± 30
150 mM	39 ± 13	59 ± 20	85 ± 30	210 ± 73

^aSome clone 43 cells were maintained in culture, while others were treated with various concentrations (25, 75, and 150 mM) of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate for 16 h, washed in PBS, and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 16 h. Cytokine determinations were performed with the culture supernatant by a direct-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 

^bData represent the means ± standard errors from three separate experiments.