TABLE 4.

Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate on IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β production in primary monocytes^a

Treatment	Production (pg/ml) of cytokineb:
	IL-1α	IL-1β	TNF-α	TGF-β
None	0	0	0	0
LPS (1 μg/ml)	376 ± 123	877 ± 233	543 ± 156	433 ± 203
Ethanol
25 mM	250 ± 84	595 ± 170	375 ± 97	180 ± 57
75 mM	165 ± 54	275 ± 84	235 ± 84	275 ± 135
150 mM	95 ± 34	101 ± 30	125 ± 70	375 ± 70
Acetaldehyde
25 mM	247 ± 101	734 ± 211	395 ± 100	175 ± 57
75 mM	175 ± 87	347 ± 121	247 ± 87	271 ± 121
150 mM	97 ± 31	121 ± 41	130 ± 87	325 ± 121
Acetate
25 mM	270 ± 101	627 ± 121	427 ± 121	148 ± 57
75 mM	151 ± 29	285 ± 95	297 ± 98	256 ± 98
150 mM	87 ± 27	141 ± 42	150 ± 72	340 ± 120

^aSignificant reductions in IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α production were observed when ethanol-, acetaldehyde-, and acetate-treated LPS-stimulated monocytes were compared with untreated monocytes. 

^bThese data represent values of four separate experiments and are expressed as the means ± standard errors.