TABLE 6.

Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate on IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β production in 43_HIV cells^a

Treatment (mM)	Production (pg/ml) of cytokineb:
	IL-1α	IL-1β	TNF-α	TGF-β
None	135 ± 40	385 ± 95	265 ± 81	0
Ethanol
25	75 ± 21	180 ± 65	111 ± 30	175 ± 30
75	37 ± 8	95 ± 30	37 ± 8	125 ± 70
150	15 ± 5	53 ± 10	25 ± 5	195 ± 85
Acetaldehyde
25	80 ± 25	173 ± 45	105 ± 27	64 ± 14
75	51 ± 11	84 ± 24	39 ± 10	110 ± 39
150	19 ± 4	54 ± 10	27 ± 5	175 ± 50
Acetate
25	74 ± 19	157 ± 50	97 ± 14	54 ± 20
75	50 ± 19	71 ± 17	42 ± 14	130 ± 40
150	25 ± 10	45 ± 9	25 ± 6	210 ± 80

^a43_HIV cells 7 days after infection were treated with 25, 75, and 150 mM ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate for 16 h and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml). Immunoreactive cytokines in the culture supernatants were measured by direct-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 

^bData represent the means ± standard errors from three separate experiments.