Figure 2.

Associations between area-level SDOH and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related mortality among community-dwelling adult populations aged ≥20 years in Ontario, Canada, between 1 March 2020 and 2 March 2021. Results from unadjusted model (A) and models with serial adjustment of potential confounders (B–E). Cause-specific hazard models were used for COVID-19–related mortality analyses. COVID-19–related death defined as death within 30 days following or 7 days prior to a positive COVID-19 test. Other demographic variables included whether individuals reside in rural vs urban area and the public health region where individuals reside. Baseline health variables included comorbidities (listed in Table 1), number of hospital admissions in the past 3 years, and outpatient physician visits in the past year. Other SDOH variables are shown in the figure per the y-axis. Detailed definitions of SDOH variables are shown in Table 1 footnotes. Abbreviation: SDOH, social determinants of health.