Figure 3.

Comparison of patterns by area-level SDOH in COVID-19–related mortality (A), non–COVID-19 mortality (B), and COVID-19 case fatality (C) among community-dwelling adult populations aged ≥20 years in Ontario, Canada, 1 March 2020–2 March 2021. Multivariable cause-specific hazard models and a logistic regression model were used to estimate cause-specific mortalities and case fatality, respectively. Death within 30 days following or 7 days prior to a positive COVID-19 test was considered in calculations of COVID-19 case fatality and COVID-19–related mortality. Death without a positive COVID-19 test was considered non–COVID-19 mortality. Demographic variables included age, sex, whether individuals reside in rural vs urban area, and the public health region where individuals reside. Baseline health variables included comorbidities (listed in Table 1), number of hospital admissions in the past 3 years, and outpatient physician visits in the past year. Other SDOH variables are shown per the y-axis. Detailed definitions of SDOH variables are shown in Table 1 footnotes. The case fatality model additionally adjusted for month of COVID-19 test. Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SDOH, social determinants of health.