Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 212) |
Helminth Coinfection (n = 10) |
Without Helminth Coinfection (n = 202) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study site | .148 | |||
| Lira (northern Uganda) | 85 (40.1) | 6 (60) | 79 (39.1) | |
| Mulago (central Uganda) | 83 (39.2) | 1 (10) | 82 (40.6) | |
| Mbale (eastern Uganda) | 25 (11.8) | 2 (20) | 23 (11.4) | |
| Mbarara (western Uganda) | 19 (9) | 1 (10) | 18 (8.9) | |
| Residence | .093 | |||
| Rural | 128 (60.4) | 9 (90) | 119 (58.9) | |
| Urban | 84 (39.6) | 1 (10) | 83 (41.1) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 112 (52.8) | 7 (70) | 105 (52) | .875 |
| Never married | 26 (12.3) | 1 (10) | 25 (12.4) | |
| Divorced or separated | 65 (30.7) | 2 (20) | 63 (31.2) | |
| Widowed | 9 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 9 (4.5) | |
| Education level | .690 | |||
| None | 18 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 18 (9) | |
| Primary school | 122 (57.8) | 8 (80) | 114 (56.7) | |
| Secondary school | 55 (26.1) | 2 (20) | 53 (26.4) | |
| Tertiary/university | 16 (7.6) | 0 (0) | 16 (8) | |
| Employment | .663 | |||
| Peasant farmer | 92 (43.4) | 5 (50) | 87 (43.1) | |
| Self-employed | 48 (22.6) | 1 (10) | 47 (23.3) | |
| Unemployed | 38 (17.9) | 3 (30) | 35 (17.3) | |
| Formal employment | 34 (16) | 1 (10) | 33 (16.3) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Abdominal discomfort | 106 (50) | 3 (30) | 103 (51) | .195 |
| Blood in urine | 11 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 11 (5.4) | .580 |
| Night sweats | 115 (54.2) | 6 (60) | 109 (54) | .757 |
| Chest pain | 121 (57.1) | 6 (60) | 115 (56.9) | .559 |
| Cough | 130 (61.3) | 8 (80) | 122 (60.4) | .323 |
| Hemoptysis | 15 (7.1) | 2 (20) | 13 (6.4) | .151 |
| Blood in stool | 28 (13.2) | 1 (10) | 27 (13.4) | .610 |
| Anorexia | 40 (18.9) | 2 (20) | 38 (18.8) | .594 |
| Diarrhea | 43 (20.3) | 5 (50) | 38 (18.8) | .031a |
| Dyspnea | 63 (29.7) | 4 (40) | 59 (29.2) | .488 |
| Skin rash | 70 (33) | 4 (40) | 66 (32.7) | .733 |
| Nausea | 79 (37.3) | 4 (40) | 75 (37.1) | .549 |
| Constipation | 95 (44.8) | 4 (40) | 91 (45) | .509 |
| Type of DR-TB at baseline (n = 210) | .989 | |||
| RR-TB/MDR-TB | 204 (97.1) | 10 (100) | 194 (97) | |
| Polyresistant TB | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Pre–XDR-TB | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.5) | |
| XDR-TB | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Monoresistant TB | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Previous TB episode (n = 211) | 110 (52.1) | 6 (60) | 104 (51.7) | .750 |
| Mtb load at baselineb (n = 170) | .227 | |||
| High | 52 (30.6) | 3 (30) | 49 (30.6) | |
| Medium | 35 (20.6) | 1 (10) | 34 (21.3) | |
| Low | 28 (16.5) | 4 (40) | 24 (15) | |
| Very low | 55 (32.4) | 2 (20) | 53 (33.1) | |
| Drugs in the treatment regimen (n = 209) | ||||
| Ethionamide | 10 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 10 (5) | .606 |
| Pyrazinamide | 39 (18.7) | 0 (0) | 39 (19.6) | .214 |
| Cycloserine | 197 (94.3) | 9 (90) | 188 (94.5) | .454 |
| Levofloxacin | 200 (95.7) | 10 (100) | 190 (95.5) | .638 |
| Ethambutol | 6 (2.9) | 1 (10) | 5 (2.5) | .258 |
| Clofazimine | 197 (94.3) | 10 (100) | 187 (94) | .546 |
| Moxifloxacin | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | .906 |
| Bedaquiline | 157 (75.1) | 9 (90) | 148 (74.4) | .457 |
| Linezolid | 165 (78.9) | 10 (100) | 155 (77.9) | .125 |
| Amikacin | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | .952 |
| Delamanid | 8 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 8 (4) | .671 |
| Time to treatment initiation, d, median (IQR) (n = 202) | 8 (5–14) | 9.5 (4–13) | 8 (5–14.5) | .496 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: DR-TB, drug-resistant tuberculosis; IQR, interquartile range; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; RR-TB, rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; XDR-TB, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.
a
Statistically significant result.
b
Determined by cycle threshold values of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay.