Table 1.

The influence of radiotherapy on exosome biogenesis, secretion and cargoes

Source of exosomes	Study model	Dose of radiation	Test approach	Isolation method	Effect	References
22RV1 cell line	Human prostate cancer	4 Gy	SDS-PAGE	UC	Radiation induced a p53-dependent augmentation of the biogenesis and secretion of exosomes	[26]
MEFs and BMDCs cell lines	TSAP6 knockout mice	10 Gy	FACS analysis, Glycosylation and dimerization analysis, PCR	UC	Radiation increased exosome secretion in a TSAP6-dependent process	[27]
Not applicable	Rhesus macaques	5.8 Gy or 6.5 Gy	Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses	UC	Radiation increased the number of exosomes	[24]
MCF-7 cell line	Human breast cancer	2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy	Western blotting, real-time PCR	UC	CD63 and Alix genes was significantly higher after radiation	[25]
LN18, U87MG, U251cell lines	Glioblastoma	2–8 Gy	Immunoblot analysis, qRT-PCR	UC	CTGF and IGFBP2 were upregulated in radiation-derived exosomes	[28]
FaDu cell line	Human head and neck cancer	2–8 Gy	RNA-seq approach	Differential centrifugation, ultrafiltration and precipitation	MiR-3168 significantly upregulated in exosomes after radiation	[29]
MCF-7 cell line	Human breast cancer	2 Gy	Flow cytometry, western blot	Differential centrifugation	An upregulation of miR-30a and miR-9a accompanied by a downregulation of miR-200b was induced by radiation	[30]
Human pancreatic cancer cell line	Human pancreatic cancer	10 Gy	QRT-PCR	Differential centrifugation	Radiation induced 196 filtered differentially expressed exosomal ircRNAs	[31]

MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; BMDCs, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; UC, ultracentrifugation; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; IGFBP2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2