Table 1.
Sex, birth weight, maternal age, and health status as measured by Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG)® Case-Mix System of cases and controls
| Variable | Cases (N = 499) | Controls (N = 998) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Female | 124 (25%) | 248 (25%) |
| Male | 375 (75%) | 750 (75%) |
| Birth weight, grams, n (%) | ||
| < 2500 | 40 (8%) | 45 (5%) |
| ≥ 2500 | 459 (92%) | 953 (95%) |
| Mother’s Age, years | 28 (6) | 28 (6) |
| ACG® Case-Mix System-ADG codes | ||
| Acute Minor | ||
| Time limited:minor, n (%) | 361 (72%) | 635 (64%) |
| Time limited:minor-primary infections, n (%) | 427 (86%) | 814 (82%) |
| Injuries/adverse effects:minor, n (%) | 215 (43%) | 356 (36%) |
| Signs/symptoms:minor, n (%) | 237 (47%) | 382 (38%) |
| Acute major | ||
| Time limited:major, n (%) | 122 (24%) | 153 (15%) |
| Time limited:major-primary infections, n (%) | 150 (30%) | 216 (22%) |
| Injuries/adverse effects:major, n (%) | 177 (35%) | 282 (28%) |
| Signs/symptoms:uncertain, n (%) | 299 (60%) | 535 (54%) |
| Signs/symptoms:major, n (%) | 284 (57%) | 365 (37%) |
| Likely to recur | ||
| Allergies, n (%) | 52 (10%) | 86 (9%) |
| Likely to recur:discrete, n (%) | 193 (39%) | 311 (31%) |
| Likely to recur:discrete_infections, n (%) | 427 (86%) | 806 (81%) |
| Dermatologic, n (%) | 97 (19%) | 181 (18%) |
| Discretionary, n (%) | 303 (61%) | 581 (58%) |
| Asthma | ||
| Asthma, n (%) | 77 (15%) | 92 (9%) |
| Chronic medical: unstable | ||
| Likely to recur:progressive, n (%) | 4 (0%) | 4 (1%) |
| Chronic medical:unstable, n (%) | 63 (13%) | 44 (4%) |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) |
| Chronic medical: stable | ||
| Chronic medical:stable, n (%) | 110 (22%) | 98 (10%) |
| See and reassure, n (%) | 112 (22%) | 175 (18%) |
| Chronic specialty: stable | ||
| Chronic specialty:stable-orthopedic, n (%) | 13 (3%) | 15 (2%) |
| Chronic specialty:stable-ear, nose, throat, n (%) | 52 (10%) | 58 (6%) |
| Eye/dental | ||
| Chronic specialty:stable-eye, n (%) | 205 (41%) | 369 (37%) |
| Dental, n (%) | 13 (3%) | 20 (2%) |
| Chronic specialty unstable | ||
| Chronic specialty:unstable-orthopedic, n (%) | 33 (7%) | 17 (2%) |
| Chronic specialty:unstable-ear, nose, throat, n (%) | 41 (8%) | 36 (4%) |
| Chronic specialty:unstable-eye, n (%) | 40 (8%) | 28 (3%) |
| Psychosocial | ||
| Psychosocial:time limited:minor, n (%) | 106 (21%) | 130 (13%) |
| Psychosocial:persistent/recurrent, stable, n (%) | 163 (33%) | 61 (6%) |
| Psychosocial:persistent/recurrent,cunstable, n (%) | 19 (4%) | 1 (0%) |
| Preventive/administrative | ||
| Prevention/administrative, n (%) | 467 (94%) | 978 (98%) |
| Pregnancy | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
N (%), number and percentage of patients. Analyses were performed using 28 ADG indicator variables included as covariates, a method employed in our prior work where further details may be found (Flick et al., 2012; Gleich et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2016; Warner et al., 2018). These indicators represent all ADGs with the exception of those included in the psychosocial category (which maps to the diagnosis of ASD and other behavioral disorders) and pregnancy