Table 3.

Differentiation of pyrolysis processes based on main operating parameters.

Pyrolysis methods	Residence time	Heating rate	Final temperature (°C)	Major products
Flash	<1 s	Very high (1000 °C/s)	800–1000	Oil
Fast	<5 s	High (10–200 °C/s)	400–800	Oil
Slow	30–300 min	Low (<5 °C/s)	300–600	Char, oil, gas
Ultra-rapid	<0.5 s	Very high	>1000	Gas
Hydro-pyrolysis	<10 s	High	<500	Oil
Vacuum	2–30 s	Medium	~400	Oil
Carbonization	Days	Very low	~400	Charcoal

Adapted with permission from Zaman et al. (2017).