Table 4.
Clinical outcomes from the Menarche-to-PreMenopause Study
| Clinic assessment (n=499) | Self-assessment (n=779) | P value | |||
| n | n | ||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 499 | 44.60 (1.61) | 779 | 45.28 (1.78) | <0.001 |
| Menopausal status, % | |||||
| Surgical menopause | 8 | 1.61 | 20 | 2.73 | 0.531 |
| Not defined due to HRT or OCP use | 177 | 35.61 | 263 | 35.93 | |
| Premenopausal | 202 | 40.64 | 275 | 37.57 | |
| Perimenopausal | 99 | 19.92 | 152 | 20.77 | |
| Postmenopausal | 11 | 2.21 | 22 | 3.01 | |
| Missing | 2 | 47 | |||
| Body mass index category, % | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 2 | 0.40 | 8 | 1.10 | 0.38 |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25 kg/m2) | 202 | 40.56 | 311 | 42.60 | |
| Overweight (25–<30 kg/m2) | 147 | 29.52 | 193 | 26.44 | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 147 | 29.52 | 218 | 29.86 | |
| Missing | 1 | 49 | |||
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 498 | 27.80 (6.43) | 730 | 27.68 (6.48) | 0.75 |
| Body measurements (cm), mean (SD) | |||||
| Waist circumference | 499 | 88.78 (14.84) | 748 | 89.18 (14.98) | 0.647 |
| Hip circumference | 498 | 106.21 (13.49) | 749 | 105.97 (13.62) | 0.755 |
| Arm circumference | 498 | 31.27 (5.13) | 736 | 30.36 (4.35) | 0.001 |
| Thigh circumference | 498 | 59.06 (8.47) | 746 | 55.74 (7.78) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | |||||
| Systolic | 494 | 119.11 (12.37) | – | – | n/a |
| Diastolic | 494 | 77.29 (8.84) | – | – | |
| Resting heart rate (beats per min), mean (SD) | 493 | 75.15 (10.50) | – | – | n/a |
| Cardiometabolic biomarkers, mean (SD) | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 489 | 5.21 (0.89) | – | – | n/a |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 489 | 1.64 (0.39) | – | – | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 486 | 3.00 (0.77) | – | – | |
| HbA1c (%) | 489 | 5.14 (0.36) | – | – | |
| Handgrip strength (kg), mean (SD) | n/a | ||||
| Dominant hand | 486 | 30.57 (6.01) | – | – | |
| Non-dominant hand | 486 | 28.62 (5.26) | – | – | |
| Standing balance test (s)*, mean (SD) | n/a | ||||
| Eyes open | 498 | 28.57 (5.26) | – | – | |
| Eyes closed | 498 | 10.97 (10.36) | – | – | |
| Chair rise test (s), mean (SD) | 495 | 16.72 (4.77) | – | – | n/a |
| Reciprocal of the chair rise test†, mean (SD) | 495 | 6.48 (1.86) | |||
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment‡, mean (SD) | 499 | 27.69 (1.94) | – | – | n/a |
| Lung function, pre-bronchodilator, mean (SD) | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 283 | 3.03 (0.45) | – | – | n/a |
| FVC (L) | 283 | 3.84 (0.56) | – | – | |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 283 | 0.79 (0.05) | – | – | |
| Lung function, post-bronchodilator, mean (SD) | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 283 | 3.12 (0.46) | – | – | n/a |
| FVC (L) | 283 | 3.84 (0.56) | – | – | |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 283 | 0.82 (0.05) | – | – | |
| Ever had asthma or wheezy breathing (%) | |||||
| Yes | 194 | 38.96 | 279 | 36.23 | 0.328 |
| No | 304 | 61.04 | 491 | 63.77 | |
| Missing | 1 | 9 | |||
| Had asthma or wheezy breathing in the last 12 months (%) | |||||
| Yes | 82 | 42.27 | 139 | 49.12 | 0.141 |
| No | 112 | 57.73 | 144 | 50.88 | |
| Missing | 305 | 496 | |||
| Wheeze or whistling in your chest in the last 12 months (%) | |||||
| Yes | 79 | 15.86 | 137 | 17.77 | 0.378 |
| No | 419 | 84.14 | 634 | 82.23 | |
| Missing | 1 | 8 | |||
| Ever had attacks of cough with phlegm (%) | |||||
| Yes | 239 | 51.84 | 361 | 51.87 | 0.994 |
| No | 222 | 48.16 | 335 | 48.13 | |
| Missing | 38 | 83 | |||
| Ever had cough in the absence of a cold (%) | |||||
| Yes | 116 | 25.16 | 141 | 20.17 | 0.045 |
| No | 345 | 74.84 | 558 | 79.83 | |
| Missing | 38 | 80 | |||
| Ever had phlegm in your chest in the absence of a cold (%) | |||||
| Yes | 28 | 6.07 | 49 | 7.01 | 0.531 |
| No | 433 | 93.93 | 650 | 92.99 | |
| Missing | 38 | 80 | |||
Analysis was conducted using t-tests and Χ2 tests.
*Maximum score of 30 s.
†Reciprocal of chair rise time×100.
‡Score out of 30.
FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; n/a, not applicable; OCP, oral contraceptive.