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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: J Nat Prod. 2022 Sep 29;85(10):2484–2518. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00487

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Overview of chromosomal integration expression. Enzymatic digestion of the fungal cell results in a protoplast, which allows transforming DNA to be delivered into the nucleus via PEG-mediated transformation. Transforming DNA contains a selectable marker and at least one expression cassette. Expression of a gene of interest (GOI) is driven by a constitutive or inducible promoter (P). The 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of a GOI functions as a terminator (T), which ensures the releasing of the transcribed mRNA, so that the “GOI + T” fragment can be amplified from the gnomic DNA (gDNA) of the native producer. Once the transforming DNA reaches the nucleus, it can integrate into the host’s chromosome via (A) non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or (B) homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ results in the integration of the transforming DNA into a nonspecific genomic locus, while recombination of homologous sequences (blue) results in the integration at a specific genomic locus.