Table 1.

Linking components of solid waste management to achieve UN Sustainable development goals.

Waste management goala	Sustainable development goal	Indicator
Primary (Directly achievable goals)
Reduction of food waste and loss.	Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture	2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.
		2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.
		2. c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, to help limit extreme food price volatility.
Informal Sector Integration. Waste collection services Eliminate open dumping and open burning	Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages	3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.
Creating technical and Nontechnical jobs Upgradations in managerial and Administrative positions Informal sector integration	Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all	8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors.
		8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.
		8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
		8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular, women migrants, and those in precarious employment
Development of waste treatment technologies. Biomaterials from food waste	Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation	9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
		9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
		9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
Waste collection services	Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable	11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
		11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
		11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
		11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
Landfill waste diversion Waste recycling, Remanufacturing and reusing approaches Creation of green jobs (technical and non-technical)	Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns	12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
		12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, following agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
		12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
		12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
Clean and green waste treatment technologies	Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts	13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
Plastic waste management	Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development	14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
Eliminating unregulated open dumping and open burning	Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss	15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
Development of waste treatment technologies	Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development	17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
		17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Secondary (indirectly achievable goals)
Informal Sector Integration	Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere	1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
		1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
		1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
Waste education and training	Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all	4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
		4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
Creating technical and nontechnical jobs Upgradations in managerial and administrative positions Informal sector integration	Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls	5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
		5.5 Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life
		5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
Harnessing energy via biological and thermal conversion methods	Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all	7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
		7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology

^aAdopted with modification from (Wilson et al., 2015).