. 2022 Nov 1;315:115499. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115499

Table 3.

Stress and mental health variables by country.

	Range	Germany n = 1179	Israel n = 1090	Italy n = 120	Poland n = 1050	Spain n = 201	Switzerland n = 120	United States n = 4388	F
PREPS-Preparedness	1–5	2.99 ± 0.93^a	2.94 ± 0.98^a	2.94 ± 0.34^ab	3.46 ± 0.95^c	3.44 ± 0.61^c	2.62 ± 0.94^bc	3.46 ± 0.87^c	95.56***
PREPS-Infection	1–5	2.64 ± 1.04^a	2.76 ± 1.09^a	2.58 ± 0.96^a	2.99 ± 1.15^b	3.40 ± 0.68^c	2.46 ± 0.97^a	3.27 ± 1.00^c	94.35***
Pregnancy Specific Stress	0–2	0.70 ± 0.31^a	0.80 ± 0.32^b	0.60 ± 0.33^a	0.82 ± 0.33^b	–	0.73 ± 0.31^ab	0.86 ± 0.34^c	57.83***
Anxiety Symptoms	0–21	7.03 ± 4.48^a	5.97 ± 4.79^b	5.30 ± 4.35^b	7.11 ± 5.31^a	–	6.09 ± 4.27^ab	8.57 ± 5.39^c	63.90***
Depressive Symptoms	0–6	1.61 ± 1.47^a	1.30 ± 1.42^b	0.96 ± 1.14^b	2.03 ± 1.67^c	–	1.26 ± 1.27^ab	1.65 ± 1.70^a	27.14***

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 PREPS: Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress. Values with different superscripts within a row differ significantly; bold values are the highest stress and mental health levels by row.