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. 2022 Oct 31;8:146. doi: 10.1038/s41531-022-00418-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The pooled estimates were obtained from fixed effects analysis. Diamonds indicated the effect size of each study summarized as SMD. The size of the shaded squares was proportional to the percentage weight of each study. Horizontal lines represented the 95% CI and the vertical line represented the overall effect.