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. 2022 Oct 18;13:1003970. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003970

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Copyright © 2022 Oleszycka, Kwiecien, Kwiecinska, Morytko, Pocalun, Camacho, Brzoza, Zabel and Cichy

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Soluble mediators that functionally link the epidermis, the immune system and the sensory nervous system in the skin. Different components of the skin communicate with each other via various soluble mediators, including cytokines (blue), chemokines (dark blue), AMPs (green), proteinases (red), neuropeptides (orange) and nonpeptide neurotransmitters (light orange). Keratinocytes in the epidermis release cytokines, chemokines, AMPs and proteinases, which activate immune cells and/or sensory neurons. Activated immune cells release wide variety of cytokines/chemokines that further amplify immune responses. Sensory neurons sense and respond to local threats or signals from the epidermis or the immune system by releasing neuropeptides. Immune cells and keratinocytes in turn respond to these mediators. Created with BioRender.com.