Table 2.

Results of sequential mediation analysis of the effect of HDI on the strength of the association between students’ literacy scores and estimates of their number of books at home.

Path	Effect, student data	Effect, parent data
HDI → Mean literacy → Reliability → Association	0.50 [0.24, 0.93]	0.50 [0.26, 0.88]
HDI → Mean literacy → Association	0.21 [−0.16, 0.57]	−0.16 [−0.50, 0.12]
HDI → Reliability → Association	−0.23 [−0.64, 0.07]	−0.23 [−0.65, 0.06]
Direct effect	0.08 [−0.27, 0.42]	0.18 [−0.13, 0.48]
Total indirect effect	0.47 [0.08, 0.91]	0.11 [−0.29, 0.46]

Based on n = 47 countries. 95% confidence intervals based on 5,000 bootstrap samples. To obtain more convenient numbers, literacy scores were scaled down by a factor of 1,000 in this analysis.