Table 2.
Antibiotic consumption trend at hospital levels showing the overall trend and individually reported antibiotics.
| Authors | Country | Source | Overall trend | Unit | Antibiotics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamieh et al. (24) | Lebanon | Saint George Hospital University Medical Center | Increased by 20% | DDD/1,000 PD | Carbapenem |
| Grau et al. (25) | Spain | Acute care hospitals affiliated with the VINCat program | Increased P < 0.001 |
DDD/100 PD | Cephalosporins Carbapenems |
| Other cephalosporins and penems | |||||
| Macrolides | |||||
| Penicillins | |||||
| Aminoglycoside antibacterials | |||||
| Quinolone antibacterials | |||||
| Macera et al. (13) | Italy | The University Hospital luigi Vanvitelli in Naples | Increased Surgical ward | DDD/100 PD | III/IV Generation Cephalosporins (Surgical) |
| Aminopenicillins/BLI (Surgical) | |||||
| Metronidazole (Surgical) | |||||
| Vancomycin | |||||
| Linezolid | |||||
| Tigecycline | |||||
| Cefazolin | |||||
| Carbapenems | |||||
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones (ICU) | |||||
| III/IV Generation Cephalosporins (ICU) | |||||
| Padhan et al. (26) | India | AIIMS Raipur | Increased (p < 0.0001) |
DDD/100 PD | Piperacilli + Tazobactam |
| Ceftriaxone | |||||
| Azithromycin | |||||
| Paracetamol | |||||
| Dexamethasone | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin | |||||
| Diclofenac | |||||
| Hydrocortisone | |||||
| Meropenem | |||||
| Metronidazole | |||||
| Andrews et al. (14) | UK | The ePACT2 from the NHS Business Services Authority | Increased by 12% | DDD/1,000 admissions | NA |
| Silva et al. (27) | Brazil | A tertiary hospital in Rio de Janeiro | Stable (p = 0.068) | DDD/BD | Polymyxin B |
| Polymyxin E | |||||
| Daptomycin | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin | |||||
| Amikacin | |||||
| Linezolid | |||||
| Ceftazidime/avibactam | |||||
| Ceftozolone/tazobactam | |||||
| Tigecycline | |||||
| Azithromycin | |||||
| Cefepime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime | |||||
| Ertapenem | |||||
| Levofloxacin | |||||
| Meropenem | |||||
| Moxifloxacin | |||||
| Piperacilin/tazobactam | |||||
| Teicoplanin | |||||
| Vancomycin | |||||
| Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactam | |||||
| Amoxicillin and clavulanate | |||||
| Liu et al. (23) | China | A Tertiary teaching hospital in Shanghai | Decreased by >10% | DDD/100 PD | NA |
| Murgadella-Sancho et al. (28) | Spain | Moises Broggi Hospital | Decreased (p = 0.045) | DDD/100 BD | NA |
Overall trend and individual antibiotics: text in red represents a significant increase in 2020 compared to 2019 and/or an increase >10%. Similarly, text in #3bc1cd represents a significant decrease and/or a decrease >10%. Text in black represents antibiotics that did not show statistically significant change and/or reported < 10% change.
DDD, defined daily dose; PD, patient days.