Table 3.
Antibiotic consumption trend at regional or national levels showing the overall trend and individually reported antibiotics.
| Author | Country | Source | Overall trend | Unit | Antibiotics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Azzam et al. (16) | Jordan | Jordan food and drug administration (JFDA) | Stable (28.4–>26.8 DDD/1,000 ID) | DDD/1,000 ID | Beta-lactamase resistant penicillin Third-generation cephalosporins |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporins | |||||
| Carbapenems sulfonamides with trimethoprim | |||||
| Macrolides | |||||
| Lincosamides | |||||
| Combinations of antibacterials | |||||
| Tetracyclines | |||||
| Other aminoglycosides | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | |||||
| Combinations of penicillin | |||||
| Second-generation cephalosporins | |||||
| Glycopeptide antibacterials | |||||
| Other cephalosporins and penems | |||||
| Penicillin with extended-spectrum | |||||
| Gillies et al. (19) | Australia | National claims data Australia | Decreased by 36.4% | Dispensing/1,000 inhabitants | Trimethoprim Flucloxacillin |
| Metronidazole | |||||
| Cefalexin | |||||
| Amoxicillin | |||||
| Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid | |||||
| Doxycycline | |||||
| Roxithromycin | |||||
| Clarithromycin | |||||
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin | |||||
| Knight et al. (20) | Canada | National antibiotic dispensing data from IQVIA's CompuScript database | Decreased by >10% | Dispensing/1,000 inhabitants (mean) | NA |
| Silva et al. (17) | Portugal | The Portuguese National Health System (NHS) | Decreased by >10% | Prescription DDD/1,000 inhabitants | Third-generation cephalosporins |
| Fluoroquinolones | |||||
| Clarithromycin | |||||
| Rojas-Garcia and Antonanzas (21) | Spain | The Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Products of La Rioja | Decreased by >10% | Prescription DDD/1,000 inhabitants | Doxycycline |
| Amoxicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor Amoxicillin |
|||||
| Cefuroxime | |||||
| Azithromycin | |||||
| Levofloxacin | |||||
| Nicieza García et al. (18) | Spain | The Health Service of the Principality of Asturias | Decrease by 24% (p < 0.001) | DDD/1,000 insured adult population | NA |
| Andrews et al. (14) | UK | The ePACT2 from the NHS Business Services Authority | Decreased by >10% | Prescription items/1,000 population | NA |
| JSAC (15) | Japan | The National Database (NDB) of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan | Decreased by 21% | DDD/1,000 ID | B-lactam antibacterials, Penicillins |
| Quinolones | |||||
| Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins | |||||
| Other B-lactam antibacterials | |||||
| Hogberg et al. (22) | EU (29 countries) | European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net) | Decreased by >10% | DDD/1,000 ID | Tetracyclines |
| Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | |||||
| Beta-lactams, penicillins | |||||
| Other beta-lactam antibacterials | |||||
| Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | |||||
| Quinolones |
Overall trend and individual antibiotics: text in red represents a significant increase in 2020 compared to 2019 and/or an increase >10%. Similarly, text in #3bc1cd represents a significant decrease and/or a decrease >10%. Text in black represents antibiotics that did not show statistically significant change and/or reported < 10% change.
DDD, defined daily dose; ID, inhabitants per day.