Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participants.
| Total | mHealth + I group | mHealth group | Control group |
p-value Chi-square test/ Kruskal-Wallis Test |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 221) | (n = 74) | (n = 71) | (n = 76) | |||||||
| Count |
Table valid N % |
Count |
Column valid N % |
Count |
Column valid N % |
Count |
Column valid N % |
|||
| Gender | Male | 36 | 16.3% | 14 | 18.9% | 9 | 12.7% | 13 | 17.1% | 0.579 |
| Female | 185 | 83.7% | 60 | 81.1% | 62 | 87.3% | 63 | 82.9% | ||
| Age | Mean (SD) | 76.56 | (7.96) | 74.69 | (7.57) | 77.63 | (7.84) | 77.38 | (8.21) | 0.083 |
| Median (range) | 76 | (60–98) | 73.50 | (60–98) | 78.0 | (60–91) | 77.50 | (63–95) | ||
| Marital status | Single | 5 | 2.30% | 2 | 2.70% | 1 | 1.40% | 2 | 2.60% | 0.308 |
| Married | 101 | 45.7% | 39 | 52.7% | 24 | 33.8% | 38 | 50.0% | ||
| Divorced | 11 | 5.00% | 3 | 4.10% | 5 | 7.00% | 3 | 3.90% | ||
| Widowed | 104 | 47.1% | 30 | 40.5% | 41 | 57.7% | 33 | 43.4% | ||
| Living conditions | Flat | 217 | 98.2% | 72 | 97.3% | 70 | 98.6% | 75 | 98.7% | 0.735 |
| Subdivided flat | 2 | 0.90% | 1 | 1.40% | 1 | 1.40% | 43 | 0.00% | ||
| Cage home | 2 | 0.90% | 1 | 1.40% | 0 | 0.00% | 71 | 1.30% | ||
| Others | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 0.00% | ||
| Living | Alone | 68 | 30.8% | 21 | 28.4% | 31 | 43.7% | 16 | 21.1% | 0.065 |
| With spouse | 58 | 26.2% | 19 | 25.7% | 13 | 18.3% | 26 | 34.2% | ||
| With family | 95 | 43.0% | 34 | 45.9% | 27 | 38.0% | 34 | 44.7% | ||
| Caregiver: self | Yes | 155 | 70.1% | 55 | 74.3% | 47 | 66.2% | 53 | 69.7% | 0.562 |
| No | 66 | 29.9% | 19 | 25.7% | 24 | 33.8% | 23 | 30.3% | ||
| Caregiver: spouse | Yes | 54 | 24.4% | 18 | 24.3% | 16 | 22.5% | 20 | 26.3% | 0.867 |
| No | 167 | 75.6% | 56 | 75.7% | 55 | 77.5% | 56 | 73.7% | ||
| Caregiver: | Yes | 23 | 10.4% | 7 | 9.50% | 8 | 11.3% | 8 | 10.5% | 0.938 |
| siblings | No | 198 | 89.6% | 67 | 90.5% | 63 | 88.7% | 68 | 89.5% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 92 | 41.6% | 34 | 45.9% | 27 | 38.0% | 31 | 40.8% | 0.616 |
| children | No | 129 | 58.4% | 40 | 54.1% | 44 | 62.0% | 45 | 59.2% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 5 | 2.30% | 2 | 2.70% | 1 | 1.40% | 2 | 2.60% | 0.841 |
| Children-in-law | No | 216 | 97.7% | 72 | 97.3% | 70 | 98.6% | 74 | 97.4% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 3 | 1.40% | 1 | 1.40% | 1 | 1.40% | 1 | 1.30% | 0.999 |
| Friends | No | 218 | 98.6% | 73 | 98.6% | 70 | 98.6% | 75 | 98.7% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 7 | 3.20% | 1 | 1.40% | 3 | 4.20% | 3 | 3.90% | 0.547 |
| Neighbors | No | 214 | 96.8% | 73 | 98.6% | 68 | 95.8% | 73 | 96.1% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 8 | 3.60% | 4 | 5.40% | 2 | 2.80% | 2 | 2.60% | 0.600 |
| Volunteers | No | 213 | 96.4% | 70 | 94.6% | 69 | 97.2% | 74 | 97.4% | |
| Caregiver: | Yes | 19 | 8.60% | 7 | 9.50% | 5 | 7.00% | 7 | 9.20% | 0.850 |
| Domestic helpers | No | 202 | 91.4% | 67 | 90.5% | 66 | 93.0% | 69 | 90.8% | |
| Frequency of care | Always | 145 | 65.6% | 49 | 66.2% | 41 | 57.7% | 55 | 72.4% | 0.510 |
| Sometimes | 37 | 16.7% | 14 | 18.9% | 13 | 18.3% | 10 | 13.2% | ||
| Only at night | 11 | 5.00% | 2 | 2.70% | 6 | 8.50% | 3 | 3.90% | ||
| No help from others | 28 | 12.7% | 9 | 12.2% | 11 | 15.5% | 8 | 10.5% | ||
SD, standard deviation.