Table 2.
Overview of the 45 selected studies that assessed complement components ex-vivo in the past 5 years (2017-2022).
| Scoring criteria | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | PMID | Aim of the study | Groups analyzed | Complement markers | Sample matrix | Technique used for analysis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | Ref. |
| Witczak BJ | 34759922 | Investigate posttransplant complement activation in long-term kidney graft and survival in kidney transplant recipients | Kidney transplant recipients | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (98) |
| Liu M | 34671343 | Investigate complement proteins as early-pregnancy predictors and potential diagnostic markers of preeclampsia | Healthy and preeclampsia pregnant women before delivery | C3a, C5a | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (60) |
| Pache F | 34464830 | Investigate C3 and C4 levels in AQP4-IgG+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and multiple sclerosis patients | MOGAD, MS and HC | C3 | EDTA-plasma | Immunoturbidimetry assay | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (61) |
| Michels MAHM | 34456924 | Assess CP convertase activity in C3G and IC-MPGN (immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) patients | C3G, IC-MPGN patients, HC | C5, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (62) |
| Nilsson PH | 34380648 | Characterize human whole blood ex vivo model based on the GPRP peptide for anticoagulation. Examine its utility to assess the effect of thrombin on complement activation | GPRP- and lepirudin-anticoagulated plasma | C3, C5, C5a, TCC | GPRP- and lepirudin-anticoagulated plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (102) |
| Prens LM | 34252397 | Evaluate systemic complement activation in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) | HS patients and HC | C3, C5a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA, Radial immunodiffusion technique | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (63) |
| Chiu YL | 34177889 | Investigate alternative pathway activation and disease activity in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | IgAN and HC | C5a | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (64) |
| Dhooge PPA | 34170959 | Assess complement activation in Stargardt disease (STGD1) patients | STGD1 patients and controls | C3 | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (65) |
| Sinkovits G | 33841446 | Investigate complement activation in COVID-19 | COVID-19 severity groups | C3a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (66) |
| Rognes IN | 33832430 | Describe complement activation in trauma patients from admission to 10 days after injury | Trauma patients | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (67) |
| Milosevits G | 33549818 | Study role complement in infusion reactions (IRs) in pediatric patients treated with Abelcet | Pediatric patients treated with Abelcet | C3a | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (93) |
| De Nooijer AH | 33038254 | Investigate complement activation in COVID-19 | COVID-19 and Sepsis patient vs. controls | C3a, C3c, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (59) |
| Mastellos DC | 32961333 | Compare eculizumab with compstatin-based C3-targeted drug candidate AMY-101 in COVID-19 | COVID-19 patients treated with Eculizumab vs. AMY-101 | C3, C3a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA, nephelometric after PEG precipitation (C3dg) | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (92) |
| Troldborg A | 32941885 | Characterization of mAb for C3dg and development of time-resolved immunoassay | The SLE patients and controls | C3dg | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (100) |
| Halkjær L | 32431705 | Establishing an assay for measuring complement activation at C3 level | SLE patients | C3dg | EDTA, citrate, heparin plasma, serum | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (99) |
| Denzinger M | 32281172 | Activation of complement at the interface of wound dressings | Healthy controls | TCC | EDTA-plasma | Not specified | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | (69) |
| Grinde D | 32152940 | Evaluate complement in DiGeorge syndrome | DiGeorge syndrome patients | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (70) |
| Kristensen MK | 32082310 | Assess complement in necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) patients | NSTI patients vs. HC | C3, C3bc, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (71) |
| Chauvet S | 32034108 | Investigate complement activation in children with acute postinfectious GN | Children with acute postinfectious GN vs. children with C3G and hypocomplementemia | C3, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (72) |
| Abe T | 31917735 | Investigate complement in sepsis, including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | Sepsis patients with and without DIC. | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (73) |
| Sartain S | 31774252 | Asses AP activation in Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) | HSCT patients with TA-TMA and without TA-TMA | C3a, C5a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (96) |
| Tjernberg AR | 31691001 | Explore complement response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in celiac disease (CD) | CD vs HC | C3a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (74) |
| Faria B | 31497011 | Investigate effect of intravenous iron on complement activation in-vivo | Non-dialysis vs. dialysis patients | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (91) |
| Scambi C | 31479579 | Investigate complement activation in women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | APS non‐pregnant patients and pregnant APS women | C5a, TCC | Citrate-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (75) |
| Schein TN | 31461782 | Examine TCC levels in HIV patients with poor immune reconstitution | HIV-infected patients and HC | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (76) |
| Zhang MF | 31399080 | Asses complement in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) | Patients with biopsy-proven pMN vs. HC | C3a, C5a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (77) |
| Vercauteren KOA | 31379459 | Assess preanalytical stability of widely used tests to screen complement. | HC | C3d, C3c | EDTA-plasma | ELISA, nephelometric and immunofixation after PEG precipitation | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (104) |
| Gavriilaki E | 31266080 | Evaluate complement, endothelial damage, and activation of coagulation in patients with transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) | Patients with TA-TMA and control HCT recipients without TA-TMA | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (78) |
| Lynch AM | 31203676 | Examine complement activation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), geographic atrophy, and neovascular AMD | AMD patients vs. cataract controls | C3a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (79) |
| Elvington M | 31019515 | Development of an ELISA to quantitate C3(H2O) | Inflammatory-driven diseases vs. HC | C3(H20) | Serum and plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (101) |
| Høiland II | 30920726 | Investigate TCC and future risk of incident venous thromboembolism (VTE) | VTE patiens vs HC | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (80) |
| Mansur S | 30889724 | Study the polyethersulphone (PES) membrane blended with polyurethane (PU) for blood purification applications | Plasma with and without PU | C3a | Citrate-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (103) |
| Burwick RM | 30399106 | Evaluate C5b-9 in blood and urine in preeclampsia | Women with preeclampsia with severe features vs. control | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (81) |
| Rodríguez E | 30380547 | Investigate complement in AKI pathogenesis. | AKI patients vs. controls | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (82) |
| Chauvet S | 30333829 | Investigate complement in patients with C3G with monoclonal immunoglobulin (MIg-C3G) | MIg-C3G patients | C3, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA, nephelometry | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (83) |
| Bavia L | 29908956 | Investigate C3d and sC5b9 as biomarkers for myocardial injury | Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients vs. controls | C3d, TCC | EDTA-plasma | Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (84) |
| Kanni T | 29405257 | Explore complement activation in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) | HS patients vs. HC | C5a, TCC | Heparin-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (85) |
| Siljan WW | 29171871 | Examine TCC in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). | CAP patients severity groups | TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (86) |
| Trendelenburg M | 29064269 | Explore role complement in long-term survival in acute heart failure (AHF) | Patients with AHF vs. HC | C3a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (87) |
| Qi J | 28801815 | Asses complement in thrombotic microangiopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy; TA-TMA) | TA-TMA patients and patients without TA-TMA) | C3b, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (95) |
| Togarsimalemath SK | 28729035 | Describe genetic rearrangements involving multiple CFHR genes leading to a CFHR1-R5 hybrid protein | C3G patients | C3, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (88) |
| Suffritti C | 28707730 | Evaluate complement activation in acute episode of congestive heart failure (CHF) | CHF patients | C3, TCC | EDTA-plasma | Radial immunodiffusion and ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (89) |
| Grosso G | 28669410 | Investigate TAFI and TAFIa, complement activation, fibrin clot permeability and fibrinolytic function in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | APS patients vs. HC | C5a | Citrate-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (90) |
| Nilsson PH | 28610663 | Investigation of a C5a neoepitope exposed on C5 after binding to eculizumab in-vivo | Sample pre and post eculizumab treatment | C5a | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (94) |
| Wehling C | 27784126 | Monitoring of complement activation and eculizumab in complement-mediated renal disorders | aHUS, C3G and ab-mediated renal graft rejection (AMR) patients treated with eculizumab | C3, C3d, C5a, TCC | EDTA-plasma | ELISA | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | (97) |