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. 2022 Oct 18;14:1010562. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1010562

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

In the aging brain, the number of neuronal cells is significantly reduced, the levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are increased leading to neuroinflammation, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased causing oxidative stress in the brain. After treatment with exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cell-extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV), the number of neuronal cells increased, the levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased, and the levels of ROS decreased thereby reducing oxidative stress in the brain.